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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deuterstomes |
Echinodermata and Chordata |
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What is a major departure from the phylogenetic line of Protostomes |
Dueterostomes |
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What are the fundamental basis for separation of dueterostomes from protostomes |
1. Morphological patterns of embryonic development a. Blastospore gives rise t anus rather than mouth in deuterostomes b. Cleavage is spiral and determinate in protostome and indeterminate in Deuterostomes c. Coelom forms by splitting of mesoderm in Protostomes and it forms by an out-pocketing of a primitive gut in Deuterostomes
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Phylum Echinodermata |
1. Radially symmetrical adult bodies 2. Endoskeleton of calcium plates 3. Five- part body plan and a unique water vascular system with tube-feet 4. Able to regenerate lost body parts; marine |
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Phylum Chordata |
1. Segmented Coelmates with a notochord 2. Possess a dorsal nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits 4. A tail at some stage of life 5. In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced during development by the spinal column - 20,000 species are terrestrial
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Phylum Echinodermata |
* Sea Stars, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Sea Cucumbers, and Sea Lilies 1. Marine Bottom dwellers 2. Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
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Ossicles |
A calcareous plate that forms the internal skeleton of Echinoderms |
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Water-Vascular System |
A series of Coelomic water-filled canals ending in hollow projections |
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Tube Feet |
Muscle contractions combined with hydrostatic pressure that allows for mobility |
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Class Asteroidea |
Phylum: Echinodermata Sea Stars 1. Arranged loosely under the skin 2. Arms are continuous with the central disk 3. The mouth is at the center of the lower oral surface and the but is on the upper aboral surface 4. Has Madreporite on the surface 5. Often prey on oysters and clams 6. Invert their stomach inside prey to digest and engulf their tissues.
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Dermal Gills |
These surround the blunt spines of sea stars and are used for respiration by diffusion |
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Pedicellariae |
These surround the blunt spines of sea stars and are used to remove debris from the surface |
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Radial Canal |
A structure in echinoderms which runs the length of each arm and takes water out to the arm from the ring canal.
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Ampulla |
In echinoderms, the round, muscular structure on a tube foot that aids in movement. |
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Madreporite |
In echinoderms, the sievelike, disk-shaped opening through which water flows in and out of the water vascular system; helps filter out large particles from entering the body. |
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Ring Canal |
In echinoderms, a circular canal that is near the mouth and carries water from the stone canal to the radial canal in the water vascular system. |
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Class Ophiuroidea |
Phylum: Echinodermata Brittle Stars: Ophioderma 1. Have slender, sometimes branched arms that are clearly distinguished from the central disks 2. Ossicles are typically thick and have attached musculature - May form shields on the surface 3. Ambulacral grooves are closed 4. Tube feet are not used for locomotion 5. Thin flexible arms allows for rapid crawl motion similar to octopi 6. Feed on suspended food particles captured with tube feet
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Class Crinoidea |
Phylum: Echinodermata Sea Lilies and Feather Stars: Crinoids 1. Mouth and anus usually face up 2. Have well-developed ossicles that give the animal a coarse, jointed appearance. 3. Highly branched and feathery arms surround mouth and anus 4. Filter feed by capturing particles on the mucus on their tube feet.
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Class Echinoidea |
Phylum: Echinodermata Sea Urchins: Arbacia Sea Dollars: 1. Urchins lack distinct arms a. Ossicles are fused into a solid shell called a test b. Holes in test allow for long tube feet to protrude 2. Urchins have jointed movable spines 3. Spines and tube feet control locomotion of Urchins 4. The mouth contains 4 ossified plates (teeth) used to gather algae- Aristotle's Lantern |
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Class Holothuroidea |
Phylum: Echinodermata Sea Cucumbers 1. Soft bodies 2. Reduced ossicles and few spines (if any) 3. Body axis is oriented horizontally - This orientation gives it a semblance of cephalization 4. Radial symmetry is less evident 5. Tentacles secrete a mucus that captures small floating organisms 6. Some sea cucumbers respond to stress by rupturing anteriorly and rapidly expelling their pharynx, digestive tract, and other organs - known as evisceration
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Phylum Chordata |
Includes species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Characterized by: 1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 2. Notochord - a cartilaginous rod that forms on the dorsal side of the gut in the embryo 3. Pharyngeal slits - openings in the throat that filter water 4. Postanal tail |
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Subphylum Urochordata |
Phylum: Chordata Tunicates or Sea Squirts 1. Sessile planktonic marine organism 2. Larvae possess the general chordate form -elongated with a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord 3. Adult is highly modified - includes a sievelike basket perforated with pharyngeal gill slits and surrounded by a cellulose sac called a tunic |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata |
Phylum: Chordata Genus: Branchiostoma Lancelets commonly called amphioxus 1. small, fishlike, marine chordates that burrow in sand or mud 2. Has a postanal tail - Anus is not terminal 3. Dorsal nerve cord and notochord extend the length of the animal 4. Buccal cavity surrounds the mouth followed by a long pharynx with many gill slits - food particles are caught on the gills and swept into the intestine.
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Subphylum Vertebrata |
Phylum: Chordata Fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mamals 1. Have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord in adults and surrounds the dorsal nerve cord 2. Has a distinct head
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Class Agnatha |
Phylum: Chordata Lamprey: Petromyzon Hagfishes 1. Descended from representatives of the earliest stages in the evolution of vertebrates 2. Lack jaws typical of other vertebrates 3. Has a cartilaginous endoskeleton and a notochord 4. Gill arches separating the gill slits are reinforced with cartilage 4. 7 pharyngeal gill slits are evident near the head 5. Mouth is at the center of the buccal funnel and is armed w/horny teeth and a rasping tongue. |
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Class Chondrichthyes |
Phylum: Chordata Sharks: Squalus(Dog fish shark) Skates, and Rays 1. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous a. Anterior gill arches are modified into jaws. b. cartilaginous skeleton is derived secondarily from an ancestral bony skeleton 2. Includes pelvic fins and pectoral fins for stabilization and maneuvering. 3. Receptors in the nostrils and epidermis are sensitive to smells and electrical currents. 4. A lateral line runs along each side of the body and contains sensory cells to detect slight vibrations. |
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Class Osteichthyes |
Phylum: Chordata Bony Fish 1. Most diverse class of vertebrates 2. advance features: A bony endoskeleton, modified gill arches, and internal air bladders for balance and buoyancy 3. Gills are protect3eed by an operculum. 4. Along each side of most bony fish is a lateral-line system - consisting of sensory pits in the skin, they detect water currents and predators or prey that may be moving near the fish. |
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Class Amphibia |
Phylulum: Chordata Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders 1. The first land vertebrates a. arising from fish with a stout and fleshy fins 2.Most amphibian adults are terrestrial, but they lay eggs in water 3. Eggs are fertilized externally a. Each egg hatches into an aquatic larval stage: a tadpole 4. In most amphibians, the skin accounts for as much oxygen diffusion as the lungs
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Class Reptilia |
Phylum: Chordata Turtles, snakes and lizards 1. Independent of aquatic enviornments - have developed structures for internal fertilization 2. Most lay watertight eggs that contain a food source: An egg yolk with four layers a. Chorion: allows oxygen to enter the porous shell but retains water within the egg b. Amnion: encases the developing embryo c. Yolk sac: Provides food from the yolk for the embryo via blood vessels- connecting to the gut of the embryo d. Allantois: Surrounds a cavity where waste products are excreted 3. Reptiles have dry skin - covered with scales 4. Poikilothermic: body temperature depends on the environment. |
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Poikilothermic |
Body temperature depends on the environment 1. exhibited by reptiles, fish, and amphibians |
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Class Aves |
Phylum: Chordata Birds 1. Only animals with feathers a. share the ability to fly, are exceptions - high body temp for high metabolism, lightweight skeleton, an efficient respiratory system, and heavy musculature at the breast. 2. Vision is their most highly developed sense 3. Homeothermic
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Homeothermic |
Body temperature is constantly maintained |
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Class Mammalia |
Phylum: Chordata 1. Covered with insulating body fat and hair 2. Homeothermic 3. Have a well-developed circulatory system - Four chambered heart 4. Nourish young by mother's mammary glands
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From which group of fish did the amphibians originate? |
Ray-finned |
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Based on protostomes - dueterostome characteristics, which phyla is the closest relative to the chordates? |
Echinodermata |
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The_________ of bony fish evolved to counter the effects of increased bone density. |
Swim bladder |
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Which of the following have a cartilaginous skeleton |
Sharks |
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Operculum |
Class Osteichthyes |
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Water tight amniotic egg |
Class Reptilia |
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Ampulla |
Class Asteroidea |
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Aquatic stage and lungs |
Class Amphibia |
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Hollow Bones |
Class Aves |
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What is the first known bird |
Archaeopteryx - Had skull with teeth, long reptilian tail - Feathers on wings and tail -Forelimbs nearly identical to those of theropods |
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Order Crocodylia |
Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptillia 1. 25 species of large, primarily aquatic carnivorous reptiles 2. Crocodiles - Typically nocturnal - Tropical and subtropical regions 3. Alligators : only 2 species - Eyes on top of heads, nostrils on top of snout, enormous mouth, strong neck. |
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Herbivorous mammals rely on mutualistic partnerships with ______________ for cellulose breakdown. |
Bacteria |
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The only mammals capable of powered flight |
Bats |
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Mammals have been around since the time of the _______________ |
Dinosaurs |
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Sub class Prototheria |
Phylum: Class: Lay shelled eggs Monotremes - Platypus and Echidnas
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_________ are the mammals that gave rise to our own species |
Primates |
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Primates evolved two features that allowed them to succeed in an arboreal environment. What are they? |
1. Grasping fingers and toes. - Thumb 2. Binocular Vision -Eyes are shifted towards the front of the face. - Lets brain judge distance |
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Anthropoids |
Monkeys, apes and humans 1. Almost all diurnal - Color vision 2. Expanded brain 3. Live in groups with complex social interactions |
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Hominids became __________ |
Bipedal |
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The common ancestor of apes and hominids is thought to have been an ___________ ____________ |
Arboreal climber |
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Genus Australopithecus |
Lucy my home girl - Knowledge is based on hundreds of fossils found in Africa Characteristics A. Weighed about 18kg B. About 1m tall C. Hominid dentition D. Brains no larger than those of apes E. Walked upright. |
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African fossils demonstrate that bipedalism extends back _________MYA |
Four (4) |
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Genus Homo |
1. Thought to be Australopithecus afarensis 2. In the 1960's, hominid bones were found near stone tools in Africa. - Early human was called Homo habilis |
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What was called "The early human" |
Homo Habilis |
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_____________ ___________ was an early species that migrated out of Africa. - Homo sapiens in Africa |
Homo erectus |
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When did modern humans first appear? |
600,000 years ago, and in Africa |
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_______________ interbred with ______________ |
Homo neanderthalensis and Neanderthals |
