Phyla: Echinodermata

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Echinodermata

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-"spiny skin"
-only major group of invertebrate deuterostomes
-exclusively marine/benthic
-true coelomate via enterocoely
-endoskeleton made of CaCO3 ossicles with projecting spines
-Water Vascular System
-no excretory system
-pentamerous radial symmetry

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Classes of Echinodermata

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-Crinoidea
-Asteroidea
-Opliuroidea
-Echinoidea
-Holothuroidea

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Pentaradial Symmetry

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-the body of echinoderms can be divided into five similar parts arranged around a central axis

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Water-Vascular System

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-the main coelomic cavity of echinoderms which includes tubular outgroths of the body wall used for locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, etc
-has a pentamerous arrangement of coelomic canals including the ring canal, radial canals, and stone canal

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Ring Canal

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-a coelomic canal around the mouth that is part of the water vasucular system

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Radial Canal

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-canals that extend from the ring canal through each arm
-contains a bilateral sequence of lateral canals (perpendicular to the radial canal) which terminates in a bulbous ampula, tube foot, and sometimes suckers

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Stone Canal

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-the canal that ascends from the ring canal into a small chamber (madreporic chamber) which joins to the madreporite, where regulation of the water-vascular system occurs

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Eleutherozoa

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-is a grouping of echinoderms that include the sea starts, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers

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Class: Asteroidea

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-sea stars
-star shaped free moving body consist of hollow arms (rays) projecting from a central disc
-have four coelomic circulatory systems

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Ambulacrum

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-aka ambulacral groove is a a wide furrow that extends radially from the mouth along each arm
-each contain 2 or 4 rows of tube feet

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Tube Feet

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- tubular projections of the water-vascular system, in the ambulacral groove
-have suckers at the end
-are the main site for respiration in echinoderms

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Ampula

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-the bulbous end of the tube foot or sucker, which regulates water flow in and out

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Buccal Tube-Feet

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-larger than suckered tube feet
-have large disks with an underlain, thick nerve plexus , a ring on sensory cilia
-main sensory organ

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Madreporite

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-the perforated plate by which the entry of seawater in to the water vascular system of an echinoderm is regulated

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Endoskeleton

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-the rigid structure beneath the epidermis of echinoderms
-made up of calcareous ossicles

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Calcareous Ossicles

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-calcareous plates that create the endoskeleton of echinoderms
-in Asteroidea, the calcareous ossicles move with one another, forming flexible joints
-lie directly beneath the epidermis

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Ambulacral Ossicles

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-ossicles found on the oral side of Asteroidea directly above the ambulacral groove
-forms the floor for the ambulacral groove
-with spaces in between to allow for tube feet to protrude
-the radial calal is on the oral side of the ossicles

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Ambulacral Region

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-the region in echinoderms in which the tube feet are located

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InterAmbulacral Region

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-the regions between ambulacral regions and do not contain tube feet

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Papula

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-specialized gills that are associated with the perivisceral coelom found on the aboral surface of the arms
-they are similar to tube feet but lacks a sucker and is a direct outgrowth of perivisceral coelom and not of the water vascular system
-unique to asteroidea

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Nerve Ring

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-nervous center of echinoderms that surround the mouth

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Radial Nerve

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-nerves that extend out from the nerve ring to all the arms along the ambulacra

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Echinoderm Digistion

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-made up of the mouth located in the center of a tough circular peristomial membrane
-the stomach which is divided in to the oral cardiac stomach and the aboral pyloric stomach

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Pyloric Ceca

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-elongated, hollow, extensions of the pyloric stomach for increased storage

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Perivisceral Coelom

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-occupies the disc and arms, and supplies the viscera, including the gut, the gonads, and tube feet ampullae

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Hyponeural Coelom

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-circulates fluid to the hyponeural nervous system
-includes the hyponeural ring, hyponeural radial and lateral and axialcanals
-is similar to the water vascular system, but lacks tube feet and ampulla
-the canals of the coelom are paired but are separated by a mesentary

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Genital Coelom

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-supplies the gonads
-consists of a small aboral genital ring canal from which genital radial canals extend

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Hemal System

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-consists of the hyponeural hemal ring, the gastric hemal ring and the genital hemal ring
-all three rings are united in the disc by a vertical axial hemal vessel that aborally joins the heart

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Axial Organ

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-the axial hemal vessal tha tunites the three hemal rings
-lies along the axial canal

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Terminal Tentacle

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-the final extension of the water-vascular coelom
-located at the tip of each arm

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Bipinnaria

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-the bilaterally symmetric, suspension feeding larva of

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Class: Cryptosyringida

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- "hidden tube"
-include the brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers
-they differ from asteroidea by having internalized the ectoneural (sensory) components of the nerve ring and radial nerves.
-instead of being on the oral epidermis of disc and arm, the nerves are now in the epithelial lining of an internal, hollow epineural canal

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Class: Ophiuroidea

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-includes the serpent stars and brittle stars
-mostly five-armed stars
-very slender and jointed, distinctly set off from the central disc

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Ophiopleutus

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-the planktonic larva of Ophiuroids

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Echinozoans

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-grouping of echinoderms which includes the Echinoidea (urchins) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
-lack arms
-ambulacra and oral surface has expanded aborally to cover most of the body
-calcareous ring surrounds the pharynx
-have a well developed hemal system

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Calcareous Ring

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-fused ring of calcareous ossicles that surrounds the pharynx

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Class: Echinoidea

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-"hedgehog"
-sea urchins, heart urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars
-moveable spines cover the body
-pentamerous symmetry, similar to asteroids with ambulacral with tube feet, interabulacral without

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Test

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-the crest formed by the fused body wall ossicles

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Pore Pairs

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-are the pairs of pores found on the ambulacral plates
-connects the interal ampulla with its external tube foot
-creates two canals to allow one way flow of water

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Peristomial Membrane

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-membrane that surrounds the mouth and have several radially arranged structures
-including 5 pairs of short/stalky tube feet (buccal podia)

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Periproct

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-the small circular membrane that surrounds the anal pore
-and has a variable number of embedded plates

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Apical System

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-a ring of specialized plates that surrounds the periproct
-consists of 5 large genital plates, one of which is the madreporite and 5 smaller ocular plates

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Genital Plate

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-part of the apical system
-each bears a gonopore
-alligns with the interambulacral regions and alternate wtih the ocular plates

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Ocular Plate

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-also part of the apical system
-alligns with the ambulacral regions

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Pedicellaria

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-a long movable stalk with jaws (pincers) on top
-located all over the general body surface as well as the peristome
-may contain a supporting skeletal rod
-muscles at the base of stalk permit movement

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Aristotle's lantern

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-a highly developed protrusible jaw that is composed of a complex set of circumpharyngeal ossicls and muscles

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Peristomial Gills

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-gills found on the oral, peristomal membrane of the echinoid
-there are 5 pairs

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Echinopluteus

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-the planktonic larva of echinoids
-like the other ophiuroid pluteus, they bear four pairs of long larval arms, each supportd by an internal skeletal rod

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Class: Holothuroidea

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-sea cucumbers
-lack arms and the oral surface and ambulacra are expande aborally along the elongate polar axis
-the length of the polar axis requires it to lie on the side
-the ventral side include 3 ambulacra (trivium) and is called the sole
-the dorsal side include 2 ambulacra (bivium)
-has an introvert
-has sphincter muscles

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Respiratory Trees

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=water lungs
-the main gas exchange organs of holothuroids which are paired.
-each tree emerges from the wall of the cloaca and branches repeatedly to form a system of hollow, blind-ended tubes

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Cloaca

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-an expanded reectum like chamber preceding the anus

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Cuvierian Tubules

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-stick tubules that is ejected from the anus, can be aimed at prey or predators it can expand to 20 times its body length and can be regenerated.
-can be toxic due to a substance called holothurin

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Evisceration

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-a stres respons in many holothuroids
-depending on the species, the anterior or posterior end ruptures and parts of the gut and associated organs are expelled
-lost parts can be regenerated

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Holothuroids and Reproduction

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-unlike all other echinoderms, they only have a single gonad that branches into many tubules that can occupy most of the perivisceral coelom

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Auricularia

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-the planktonic larva of holothuroids
-similar to the astroid bipinnaria
-lack the arm ossicls of pluteus larvae, and have convoluted ciliary bands

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Doliolaria

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-the larval stage that succeeds the auricularia
-it becomes barrel-shaped in which the ciliated bands break off and be come ciliated hoops that encircle the body

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Pentactula

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-the development stage that succeeds doliolaria in which a juvenile cucumber is formed
-larval body axis is retained and 5 buccal podia emerge before the tube feet

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Class: Crionoidea

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-sea lilies and feather stars
-all are radially symmetric, sessile/semisessile suspension feeders
-unlike all other echinoderms, the mouth is oriented upward
-collect food via their long, often branched arms which take up most of the body
-body consists of an attachment stalk and a pentamerous crown

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Open Ambulacral System

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-ambulacral system where there are no ossicles protecting the radial canal, hemal canal, and nerve
-protected by movable spine

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Closed Ambulacral System

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-ambulacral system where ossicles are located in between the ambulacra and the outside environment

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Dipluerula

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-the hypothetical larva associated with Elutherozoans and is bilaterally symmetrical

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Brachiolaria

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-the second stage of larva development in sea stars following the bipinnaria
-is bilaterally symmetrical, unlike adults which have pentaradial symmetry

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Bursa

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-In ophiuroids, an organ within the disc formed by an inpouching of epidermis
-Bursae function as respiratory structures and are associated with the gonoducts
-They house the developing embryos of brooding species

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Rete Mirable

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-the "wonderous blood network" which supplies the intestines of Holothuroid
-makes up their hemal system