Phyiscs: Matter And Radiation 2 (Huda)

Front 1

What is ionization

Back 1

Ionization occurs when an electron is ejected from a neutral atom, leaving behind
a positive ion.

Front 2

What is ionizining radiation

Back 2

Electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons is called ion-
izing radiation.

Front 3

Are X-rays and gamma rays considered ionizing radiation

Back 3

yes

Front 4

What are 2 types of ionizing radiation

Back 4

Radiation may be directly ionizing (involving charged particles) or indirectly ion-
izing (involving uncharged particles such as neutrons, x-rays, and gamma rays).

Front 5

What is the amount of energy needed to generate one electron-ion pair in air

Back 5

33 eV

Front 6

How do charged particles loss energy

Back 6

Charged particles lose energy when passing through matter by interacting with
electrons in nearby atoms.

Front 7

Name 5 types of ionizing particles

Back 7

Electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, and alpha particles are examples of ioniz-
ing particles

Front 8

What is linear energy transfer

Back 8

Linear energy transfer (LET) measures the loss of energy of a charged particle in
thousands of electron volts for each micrometer of distance traveled by the particle.

Front 9

What increases the loss of energy by a charged particle

Back 9

increasing charge
increasing mass
decreasing velocity

Front 10

What are considered low-LET radiation

Back 10

electrons and positrons

Front 11

How much energy is lost by electrons and positrons when traveling through1um of soft tissue

Back 11

0,5 keV

Front 12

How much energy does an alpha particle loss when traveling through 1um of soft tissue

Back 12

100 keV

Front 13

Is an alpha particle considered to be a high LET radiation

Back 13

yes

Front 14

Where does the loss or radiation go

Back 14

Ionizing radiation transfers energy to electrons in the absorbing medium.

Front 15

What happens to the energy once is absorbed by the absorbing medium

Back 15

The energy deposited in the absorbing medium by ionizing radiation can result in
deleterious chemical modifications to molecules such as DNA.

Front 16

Do protons and neutrons have a LET that is inbetween a electron/positron and alpha particle

Back 16

yes

Front 17

What is a nuclide

Back 17

Nuclei having different numbers of protons, neutrons, or both are called nuclides.

Front 18

What is a radionuclide

Back 18

Unstable nuclides are called radionuclides, and atoms with unstable nuclei are
called radioisotopes.

Front 19

What is a radioisotope

Back 19

an atom with an unstable nuclei

Front 20

What is the mass number

Back 20

A (the sum of protons and neutrons)
# of nucleons

Front 21

What is a nucleon

Back 21

a proton or neutron

Front 22

What is the mass of iodine 131

Back 22

131

Front 23

What is the symbol for proton

Back 23

Z

Front 24

What are 3 types of nuclides

Back 24

isobArs
isotoPes
isotoNes

Front 25

What is an isobar

Back 25

Nuclides having the same mass number (A) are called isobArs.

Front 26

What is an isotope

Back 26

Nuclides having the same atomic number (Protons) are called isotoPes

Front 27

What is an isotone

Back 27

Nuclides having the same number of Neutrons are called isotoNes.

Front 28

What are isobars, isotones and isopes

Back 28

nuclides

Front 29

What is a radionuclide

Back 29

an unstable nuclide

Front 30

What is an isomer

Back 30

an excited state of a nucleus

Front 31

What are the isotopes of hydrogen

Back 31

Front 32

What is a general characteristic of stable and low mass number nuclides

Back 32

the number of neutrons is approximately equeal to the number of protons

Front 33

What is a general characteristic of high mass number nuclides

Back 33

the neutrons excedd the number of protons (tungsten 74 protons and 110 neutrons)

Front 34

Is a element has the same number of neutrons what is it called

Back 34

an isotone

Front 35

Are heavy nuclei generally stable

Back 35

no

Front 36

What is considered the mass of a heavy nuclei

Back 36

Z>82

Front 37

What are 3 ways an unstable nuclide can obtain stability

Back 37

alpha, beta and gamma decay

Front 38

What is the transformation from unstable to stable called

Back 38

radioactive decay

Front 39

When a nuclide undergoes decay what is the original nuclide called

Back 39

parent and the product is called the daughter

Front 40

What happens to mass number, energy and electric charge in nuclear transformation

Back 40

they are conserved

Front 41

What is a half life

Back 41

the time for half the material to decay

Front 42

What is the activity

Back 42

number of transformations per unit of time

Front 43

How is activity expressed

Back 43

Activity is expressed mathematically as dN(t)/dt, where N(t) is the number of atoms
at time (t).

Front 44

How is activity related to lamda

Back 44

Lambda (λ) is the decay constant, and dN(t)/dt = N(t) x λ.

Front 45

What is current

Back 45

Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes

Front 46

What is voltage

Back 46

Voltage is the potential energy that makes the electrical current flow in a circuit by pushing the electrons around

Front 47

How is current and voltage related

Back 47

Voltage attempts to make a current flow, and current will flow if the circuit is complete. Voltage is sometimes described as the 'push' or 'force' of the electricity, it isn't really a force but this may help you to imagine what is happening. It is possible to have voltage without current, but current cannot flow without voltage

Front 48

What is the mathematically equation for activity

Back 48

Activity is expressed mathematically as dN(t)/dt, where N(t) is the number of atoms
at time (t).

Front 49

What is the mathematically equation for activity

Back 49

Activity is expressed mathematically as dN(t)/dt, where N(t) is the number of atoms
at time (t).

Front 50

What is another formula for activity with the used of a decay constant

Back 50

Lambda (λ) is the decay constant, and dN(t)/dt = N(t) x λ.

Front 51

What is another formula for activity with the used of a decay constant

Back 51

Lambda (λ) is the decay constant, and dN(t)/dt = N(t) x λ.

Front 52

What is the symbol for a decay constant

Back 52

lambda

Front 53

What is the symbol for a decay constant

Back 53

lambda

Front 54

What is the formula for activity

Back 54

N x λ, where N is the number of atoms.

Front 55

What is the relationship of lambda and the half-life of radioactivity

Back 55

The relation between λ and the half-life of the radioactivity (T1/2)
λ = loge(2)/T1/2 = 0.693/T1/2.

Front 56

What is the formula for activity

Back 56

N x λ, where N is the number of atoms.

Front 57

What is the relationship of lambda and the half-life of radioactivity

Back 57

The relation between λ and the half-life of the radioactivity (T1/2)
λ = loge(2)/T1/2 = 0.693/T1/2.

Front 58

How is the rate of radioactive decay expressed

Back 58

The rate of radioactive decay is typically expressed in terms of either the radioactive half-life, or the radioactive decay constant.

Front 59

What are the SI unit of activity

Back 59

The SI unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq), and the non-SI unit is the curie (Ci).

Front 60

What are the units used to describe a quanity of radioactivity

Back 60

Bq or Ci

Front 61

What are the SI unit of activity

Back 61

The SI unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq), and the non-SI unit is the curie (Ci).

Front 62

What are the units used to describe a quanity of radioactivity

Back 62

Bq or Ci

Front 63

What is 1 becquerel

Back 63

One becquerel is 1 transformation per second.

Front 64

What is 1 curie

Back 64

One curie is 3.7 x 10e10
transformations per second.

Front 65

What is a conversion of

Back 65

One mCi = 37 MBq; 1μCi = 37 kBq.

Front 66

What is meant by transformation

Back 66

Nuclear transformation is what happens to unstable atom nuclei in while striving to reach stability. The nucleus of any element atom should have specific neutron/proton ratio to be a stable nucleus. In addition, the absolute number of protons should not exceed certain limit.

Front 67

What is activity

Back 67

the number of transformations per unit of time

Front 68

What is an example of nuclear transformation

Back 68

For a nucleus with neutron/proton is higher than the stability ratio, two nuclear transformations may occur to decrease the ratio in the nucleus in order to reach stability:
neutron transformation to proton plus electron where the proton remains in the nucleus and the electron is emitted from the nucleus as beta radiation
emitting neutron from the nucleus as neutron radiation (this transformation is relatively rare. Example of this transformation is the unstable Krypton-87)

Front 69

Give an example of a half life an element

Back 69

For example, the applet will tell you that the halflife of beryllium 11 is 13.81 seconds. Let's say you start with, oh, 16 grams of 11Be. Wait 13.81 seconds, and you'll have 8 grams left; the rest will have decayed to boron 11. Another 13.81 seconds go by, and you're left with 4 grams of 11Be; 13.81 seconds more, and you have 2 grams...you get the idea.

Front 70

Can you predict when a certain atom is going to decay

Back 70

no, You'll also notice that the pattern of atoms in the top picture is random-looking, and different each time you run the applet, but the graph below always has the same shape. It's impossible to predict when a specific atom is going to decay, but you can predict the number of atoms that will decay in a certain time period.