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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The brain and spinal cord |
Central nervous system |
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Nerves that rub up and down the length of the back transmit most messages between the body and brain |
Spinal cord |
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Nerves branching out from spinal cord |
Peripheral nervous system |
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The long thin cells of nerves tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain |
Neurons |
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The gap that exists between individual nerve cells |
Synapse |
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The part of the peripheral that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles |
Somatic nervous system |
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The part of the peripheral that controls internal biological functions |
Autonomic nervous system |
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Part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull that is involved in the basic processes of life |
Hindbrain |
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The small part of the brain above the pons that intergrates sensory info and relays it upward |
Midbrain |
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The part of the brain that covers the brains central core |
Forebrain |
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The different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided |
Lobes |
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A machine used to-record the electro activity of large portions of the brain |
Electroencephalograph Eeg |
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An imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration |
Computerized axial tomography Cat |
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An imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks |
Positron emission tomography Pet |
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An imaging technique used to study brain structure and activity |
Magnetic resonance imaging Mri |
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The chemical communication system using hormones by which messages are sent through the bloodstream |
Endocrine system |
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Chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood |
Hormones |
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The center of control of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones |
Pituitary gland |
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The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring |
Genetics |
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Twins who come from one fertililized egg, twins having the same hereditary |
Identical twins |
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The basic building blocks of hereditary |
Genes |
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Twins who come from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm |
Fraternal twins |
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A state of awareness, including a persons feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions |
Consciousness |
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Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, high level of brain activity, deep relaxation od the muscles and dreaming |
REM sleep |
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The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one day |
Circadian rhythm |
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Failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day |
Insomnia |
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Sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep |
Sleep apnia |
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Condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling sleepy during the day |
Narcolepsy |
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Unpleasant dreams |
Nightmares |
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Sleep disruptions that occur during stage 4 of sleep involving screaming panic and confusion |
Night terror |
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Walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep |
Sleep walking |
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State of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility |
Hypnosis |
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Suggestion made during hypnosis that influenses the participants behavior afterward |
Posthypnotic suggestion |
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Process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled |
Biofeedback |
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The focusing of attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation |
Meditation |
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Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness |
Psychoactive drugs |
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The dried leaves and flowers of indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested |
Marijuana |
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Perceptions that have no direct external cause |
Hallucinations |
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Drugs that often pruduce hallucinations |
Hallucinogens |
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A potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought |
Lsd |
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A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus |
Classical conditioning |
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A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response |
Neutral stimulus |
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An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
Unconditioned stimulus |
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An organisms automatic reaction to a stimulus |
Unconditioned response |
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A once neautral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
Conditioned stimulus |
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A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
Conditioned response |
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Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
Generalization |
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The ability to respond differently to a similar but distinct stimuli |
Discrimination |
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The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus |
Extinction |
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Stimilus or event that follows a response and increases the liklihood that the response will be repeated |
Reinforcment |
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Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or pinished resulting in corresponding increases ir decreases in occurance |
Opperant conditioning |
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Stimulus that is naturally rewarding such as food or water
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Primary reinforcer
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Stimulus that is money that becomes rewarding the woods link with the primary reinforcer
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Secondary reinforcer
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A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
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Fixed ratio schedule
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A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
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Variable ratio schedule
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A pattern of reinforcement in which specific amount of time must elapse before a respinse will elicit reinforcement
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Fixed interval schedule |
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A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before response will obtain reinforcement
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Variable interval schedule
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Technique in which there’s a desired behavior is molded by first rewarding and act similar to that behavior and then requiring even closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
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Shaping |
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Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence each reaction producing the signal for the next
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Response chain |
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Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
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Aversive control
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Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
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Negative reinforcement
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Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
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Escape conditioning
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Training of an organism to with draw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
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Avoidance conditioning
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Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
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Social learning |
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Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation
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Cognitive learning
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A mental picture of spacial relationships or relationships between events
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Cognitive map
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Alteration of a behavioral tendencies that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable change in behavior
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Latent learning
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Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
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Learned helplessness
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Learned by imitating others and copying behavior
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Modeling
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Systematic application of learning principles to change peoples actions and feelings
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Behavior modification
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Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with the old useless objects which can be accumulated in exchange for valued rewards
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Token economy
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The consistent eduring and unique characteristics of a person
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Personality
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The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors
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Unconscious |
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The part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs drives instincts and repressed material
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Id |
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The part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the super ego in socially acceptable ways
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Ego |
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The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the ID
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Super ego
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Certain specific means by which that you go unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances
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Defense mechanisms
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The part of the mind that contains inherited instincts and urges and memories common to all people
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Collective unconscious
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And inherited ideas based on the experiences of one’s ancestors which shape the perception of the world
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Archetype
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A pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source
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Inferiority complex
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Believe that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior and nothing else
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Behaviorism
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The occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors
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Contingencies of reinforcement
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school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and that humans of maximum potential by each unique individual
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Humanistic psychology
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The humanist term for realizing ones unique potential
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Self actualization
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One’s experience or image of oneself developed through interaction with others
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Self |
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Viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback received from other interactions
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Positive regard
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The conditions a person must meet in order to record himself or herself positively
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Conditions of worth
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The perception that individuals or significant others value them for what they are which leads the individuals to grant them serve the same regard
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Unconditional positive regard
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An individual whose person and self coincide
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Fully functioning
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A tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time
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Trait |
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A characteristic or feature that is so pervasive that the person is almost identified with it
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Cardinal trait
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A complex so statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated
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Factor analysis
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A stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations
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Surface trait
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THe stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality
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Source trait |
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And out going active person who directs his or her energies and interest towards the people and things
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Extravert |
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A reserved withdrawn person who is preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings
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Introvert |
