Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHat is a white blood cell called?
|
Leukocyte
|
|
Why are WBCs important?
|
-crucial to help body fight disease
-produces more, in response to disease or injury |
|
Which kind of cell is completely intact? Contains a nuclei and organelles. . . .
|
WBCs
|
|
How do WBCs travel?
|
via blood vessels
|
|
What is Leukemia?
|
-cancer of WBC line in bone marrow
-immature and incapable of immune fxn |
|
What r the 2 types of Leukocytes?
|
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
|
What do all of the granulocytes have in common?
|
-have lobed nuclei
-r all phagocytic` |
|
What r the 3 granulocytes?
|
-Neutrophils
-Eosiniohils -Basophils |
|
What is a neutrophil?
|
GRANULOCYTE
-Most abundant WBC -Has fine granules -Extremely phagocytic -Attacks BACTERIAL infections |
|
What is a Eosinophil?
|
GRANULOCYTE
-2 lobed nuclei & red granules -Attacks parasites and worms |
|
What is a Basophil?
|
GRANULOCYTE
-rarest -has large, blue, histamine containing granules -Active in allergies & inflammation -Releases histamine (vasodilator) |
|
What order (from largest amt to smallest) do the WBCs go in?
|
N EVR
L ICK M Y E ASTER B UNNY |
|
What r the 2 AGRANULOCYTES?
|
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes |
|
What do all agranulocytes have in common?
|
-Lack of visible granules
-Nuclei r spherical or kidney shaped |
|
Lymphocytes . . .
|
AGRANULOCYTE
-Have Large, purple nucleus (takes up most of cell) -tiny cell -2nd most abundant |
|
Where do lymphocytes reside?
|
Lymphoid tissue:
-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils -immunity cells |
|
What is a monocyte?
|
-Largest WBC
-"U" shaped w/ dark blue nucleus |
|
Where do monocytes migrate?
|
into the tissues, where they become macrophages
|
|
Order of the Leukocyte cells, largest to smallest % in body.
|
Neutrophils
Leukocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
|
What is a platelet?
|
Fragments of large cells
|
|
What is the name of the large cells that platelets are fragmented from?
|
MEGAKARYOCYTES
|
|
PLatelets are essential for. . .
|
Blood clotting
|
|
When there is a broken blood vessel, what do the platelets do?
4 steps. . . |
a) stick to damaged site
-release chemicals tha attract more platelets -form a temporary plug to seal the break b) Secrete SEROTONIN -causing vessel to spasm (contract) -narrowing vessel c) Secrete chemicals that start a: -CLOTTING CASCADE -Coagulation of the blood occurs in 3-6 minutes d) Secrete chemicals that: - Stimulate regrowth of damaged tissue -dissolve clot |
|
Blood cell formation is called:
|
Hematopoeisis
|
|
Hematopoeisis is in:
|
-red bone marrow
-adult's axial skeleton |
|
Where do all of the blood cells arise from?
|
HEMOCYTOBLASTS (stem cells)
|
|
The body can compensate for blood losses up to about what percentage of total volume?
|
30%
-more than that would be fatal |
|
Transfusion of mismatched blood can be. . .
|
fatal
|
|
Whole blood transfusions are routine. What r the steps?
|
-blood bank collects the blood
-mixes it with anticoagulant -can be stored for up to 35 days |
|
Blood types are based on:
|
Interactions between antigens and antibodies
|
|
Antigens r:
|
- complex molecules (PRO)
- genetically unique - occur on all membranes - enable body to distinguish own cells - detect foreign antigens - activate the immune response - response includes the secretion of antibodies, which binds ro antigen and destroys it |
|
RBCs contain
|
antigens
|
|
Antigens are in
|
plasma
|
|
Transfusion of mismatched blood type causes:
|
- plasma antibodies to bind RBC antigens, clumping cells and clogging blood vessels
- release of hemoglobin causes kidney failure |
|
What is released, when mismatched blood is transfused causing the kindey to fail?
|
hemoglobin
|
|
WHat type of antigen does Type A blood have?
|
A antigen
|
|
WHat type of antigen does Type B blood have?
|
B antigen
|
|
WHat type of antigen does Type AB blood have?
|
AB antigen
|
|
WHat type of antigen does Type O blood have?
|
no antigens
UNIVERSAL DONOR |
|
WHen are antibodies formed?
|
after birth
|
|
Type A forms what antibodies?
|
anti B antibodies
|
|
Type B forms what antibodies?
|
anti A antibodies
|
|
Type AB forms what antibodies?
|
doesn't form any
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT |
|
Type O forms what antibodies?
|
anti AB antibodies
|
|
2 possible incompatibility of transfusion, rxns:
|
- recipient's anitbodies attack transfused cells
- antibodies in transfused plasma attacks recipient's cells |
|
WHat is the Rh factor?
|
another RBC antigen
+ or - |
|
Is it better to have the Rh or not to have it?
|
better to have it
|
|
Erythroblastosis fetalis
|
Mother Rh -
Baby Rh + during delivery, the mother may be exposed to the baby's Rh+ blood and she will begin to form anti Rh antibodies -if she becomes preggers again w/ and Rh baby, her antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs -baby becomes anemic, hypoxic and then brain dead, and death come |
|
WHat is the treatment of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
|
Rhogam
- contains anti Rh antibodies which will bind with the Rh + cells - blocking the mother's immune response and not allowing her to make her own antibodies against the Rh antigen |
|
When is rhogam given to the mother?
|
B4 or soon after delivery
|
|
the hardware that transports the blood consists of:
|
- heart pump
- blood vessels - pipes |
|
Where is the heart located?
|
in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs
|
|
Your heart is about the size of your:
|
clenched fist
|
|
The heart is a
|
hollow, 4 chambered muscular organ
|
|
which end of the heart is the inferior end and tilts to the left?
|
APEX
|
|
What does the APEX contact?
|
the diaphragm
|
|
The broad superior part of the heart where vessels attach?
|
BASE
|
|
WHat is the loose fitting sac that encloses and protects the heart?
|
PERICARDIAL SAC
|
|
How does the pericardial sac protect the heart?
|
- Isolates the heart from other organs
- Prevents overexpansion - Protects heart from giving or recieving infections |
|
Where around the heart is the slippery fluid?
|
PERICARDIAL SPACE
|
|
What is the slippery fluid in the pericardial space called?
|
PERICARDIAL FLUID
|
|
What does the pericardial fluid do?>
|
- lubricates the heart
- allows it to beat almost w/o friction |
|
What are the 3 layes of the heart wall called?
|
- Epicardium
- Myocardium - Endocardium |
|
Which layer of the heart wall it the outermost?
|
Epicardium
|
|
What is the epicardium made of?
|
epithelial tissue
|
|
Which layer of the heart is the thick, middle layer?
|
Myocardium
|
|
What is the myocardium made of?
|
cardiac muscle
|
|
Thickness of mycardium varies depending on:
|
- contraction needed to eject blood from the area
|
|
Which area of the heart has the thickest muscle?
|
left ventricle
|
|
Why does the L ventricle need such a big muscle?
|
B/c it's pumping blood into the whole body
|
|
Which layer of the heart wall is the inner layer?
|
Endocardium
|
|
Which lining of the heart is smooth, inner and lines the chambers and valves?
|
Endocardium
|
|
What is the endocardium made up of?
|
Simple squamous epithemium overlying thin areolar tissue
-it is continuous with the epi lining bvs |
|
The chambers in the heart the recieve blood returning to the heart in veins:
|
ATRIA
|
|
Blood travels TO the heart in:
|
Veins
|
|
The atria are the 2 superior or inferior chambers of the heart?
|
SUPERIOR
|
|
which atrium recieves venous blood from:
- superior vena cava - inferior vena cave - coronary sinus |
RIGHT ATRIUM
|
|
Drains blood superior to diaphragm
|
Superior vena cava
|
|
Drains blood inferior to diaphragm
|
Inferior vena cava
|
|
Drains heart muscle itself
|
Coronary sinus
|
|
Which atrium recives blood from:
- 4 pulmonary veins |
LEFT ATRIUM
|
|
Which veins are the only ones in the body to have oxygenated venous blood in the body?
|
the pulmonary veins, after they go through the lungs and get oxygenated blood
|
|
Which chambers in the heart have thin walls?
|
the atria
-light workload -just pump blood into ventricles below and have the help of gravity |
|
What r the 2 inferior chambers of the heart?
|
ventricles
- pumps of the heart |
|
Which chambers have a contraction that propels blood out of the heart and into the arteries?
|
Ventricles
|
|
Blood going away from the heart
|
Arterial blood
-travels in arteries -usually oxygenated |
|
recieves blood from the right atrium
|
right ventricle
|
|
the right ventricle pumps blood into the
|
pulmonary trunk
|
|
the pulmonary trunk branches into
|
R & L pulmonary arteries
- the only deoxygenated arterial blood |
|
blood from pulmonary arteries goes to
|
the lungs for gas exchange
|
|
the left ventricle pumps blood into the
|
aorta & entire body
|
|
Ventricles are seperated by a thick:
|
INERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
|
|
Ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart
|
Heart valves
|
|
atrioventricular (AV) valves
|
- between each atrium and its ventricle
- prevents backflow into atria when ventricles contract |
|
Right AV valve
|
tricuspid valve
|
|
Left AV Valve
|
Bicuspid valve or
Mitral valve |
|
between ventricles & large vessles, prevent backflow into ventricles when relaxed. . .
|
semilunar valves
|
|
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk:
|
pulmonary semilunar valve
|
|
Between Left ventricle and aorta:
|
Aortic semilunar valve
|
|
Average heart beats/min
|
75
|
|
the heart has a _____ metabolic rate.
|
HIGH
|
|
The heart requires an abundant supply of:
|
oxygen and nutrients
|
|
Does the blood in the heart nourish the chambers?
|
NO!!!
|
|
Myocardium has
|
extensive BVS
|
|
Coronary circulation ensures that:
|
nutrients reach every muscle cell
|
|
R & L coronary arteries
|
-arise at base of aorta
-circle the heart in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR (coronary) GROOVE -lie in epicardium, branch down into myocardium -ALL coronary veins converge into: CORONARY SINUS . . . which empties into the Right atrium |
|
All coronary veins converge into:
|
CORONARY SINUS
|
|
the coronary sinus epties into:
|
Right Atrium
|
|
What is it called when you have TEMPORARY ISCHEMIA to the myocardium?
|
Angina Pectoris
|
|
What is ischemia?
|
insufficient blood delivery
|
|
What does angina pectoris feel like?
|
heavyness or pain in chest
|
|
What happens to body when you have Angina Pectoris?
|
- Myocardium becomes hypoxic & relies on anearobic metabolism
- which then creates lactic acid - There is reduced coronary blood flow caused by: ATHEROSCLEROSIS or Blood clot (thrombosis) - Myocardial cells are damaged but they recover |
|
When myocardium relies on anaerobic metabolism, what does it produce?
|
Lactic acid
|
|
Myocardium becomes hypoxic when you have:
|
angina pectoris
|
|
What is a myocardial infarction?
|
heart attack
|
|
what is fibrillation?
|
uncoordinated contractions of the heart
- Heart turns into a completely useless pump - common cause of death |
|
-certain myocytes r self-excitable, initiate their own depolarization because of leaky Na+ channels
-they pass the action potential from cell to cell via gap junctions |
MYOGENIC
|
|
skeletal muscle needs to be innervated but the heart is
|
myogenic
|
|
controls the rate & sequence of contraction
|
Intrinsic conduction system
|
|
What is the intrinsic conduction system composed of?
|
-Sinoatrial node "pacemaker"
-Atrioventricular node -AV bundle, Bundle branches & Purkinje fibers |
|
Special group of cells in the rught atrium that depolarizes at the fastest rate and sets the pace. Vagal tone. The "Pacemaker"
|
Sinoatrial Node
|
|
The vagal tone does what to the heart beat?
|
slows it down
|
|
recieves the impulse from the SA node. The impulse is delayed to allow ventricles to fill
|
Atrioventricular Node
|
|
A network of fibers that carries the contraction signal to the ventricular septum
|
AV bundle, Bundle branches, Pukinje fibers
|
|
where does the contraction of ventricles begin?
|
at the APEX
|
|
Where are the av bundle bundle branches and purkinje fibers located?
|
interventricular septum & ventricle walls
|
|
The electircal currents generated and transmitted through the heart & body
|
Electrocardiography
|
|
the graphic recording of electrical changes
|
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
|
|
Abnormalities in shape and time of electrical impulses indicate
|
- problems with intrinsic conduction system
- or and myocardial infarction -- area of dead myocytes |
|
Normal contraction on heart
|
- atria contract simultaneously
- they relax and the ventricels contract |
|
Systole
|
Contraction
120/60 (high# or top#) |
|
Diastole
|
Relaxation
120/60 (low # or bottom #) |
|
One complete heart beat takes about
|
.8 seconds
|
|
- Heart is in diastole (relaxed, between beats)
- Blood flowing into ventricles from atria - Atrial Systole occurs @ the end of cycle and forces remaining blood into ventricles |
Mid-to-Late Diastole
|
|
- Atrial diastole, ventricular systole begins
- AV valves close (preventing backflow) -- S1 (not due to valve closure) - Semilunar valves r forced open - Blood pushes into large arteries - Atria r filling w/ blood |
Ventricular Systole
|
|
- Ventricular diastole
- Semilunar valves close -- preventing backflow into ventricles -- S2 "DUB" - Ventricles r momentarily closed chambers - AV valves open, ventricels begin to flow |
Early Diastole
|
|
In the cardiac cycle, when is the S1 aka LUB?
|
During ventricular systole
|
|
In the cardiac cycle, when is the S2 aka DUB?
|
Early Diastole
|
|
What are the 3 periods of the cardiac cycle?
|
- Mid-to-Late Diastole
- Ventricular Systole - Early Daistole |
|
Most body cells are stationary, making them uncapable of:
|
-getting food and oxygen
-moving away from their own waste |
|
What does blood transport?
|
- Water
- Nutrients - O2 - Hormones - Heat - (waste) takes away |
|
The only fluid tissue
|
BLOOD
|
|
Connective tissue: living cells seperated by a nonliving matrix
|
Blood
|
|
Erythrocytes
|
RBCs
|
|
What do erythrocytes transport?
|
O2
they make up 45% of blood volume (hematocrit) |
|
Leukocytes
|
WBCs
|
|
What are leukocytes for the body?
|
defense system
|
|
Platelets
|
cell fragments
|
|
What another name for platelets?
|
thrombocytes
|
|
What are platelets involved in?
|
blood clotting
|
|
Platelets and leukocytes make up what percentage of blood in the body?
|
less than 1%
|
|
liquid part of blood
|
plasma
|
|
-90% water
-yellowish -contains over 100 different substances |
plasma
|
|
-amino acid based hormones
-antibodies -albumin -clotting proteins |
Plasma Proteins
|
|
Fxn of erythrocytes. . .
|
- pick up O2 in lungs & release it @ tissue cells
- pick up CO2 in tissues & release it @ lungs |
|
Structure of erythrocytes. . .
|
- biconcave discs
-- large surface area for gas exchange -- no organelles |
|
SInce erythrocytes lack mitochondria they have to generate ATP by:
|
anaerobic glycolysis
- which also means that they don't use the O2 for themselves. |
|
Since erythrocytes don't have a nucleus:
|
- can't synthesize proteins, grow or divide
- have a lifespan of 100-200 days - become old and fragile, die in the spleen |
|
Where do erythrocytes die?
|
SPLEEN
|
|
Erythrocytes are a sac of
|
hemoglobin
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
- iron containing protein (pigment)
- binds and transports O2 - 280 million Hb molecules in 1 RBC - contains 4 iron atoms |
|
RBC homeostasis
|
- 250 million made each second
- # is closely monitored - hormonally controlled |
|
WHen you have low Blood O2, what is released and from where?
|
the kidney releases
ERYTHROPOEITIN (EPO) -red bone marrow. . . increases RBC production |
|
Excess RBCs
|
polycythemia
|
|
- cancer of red cell line in bone marrow
- hematocrit of 80% - increased blood viscosity (super thick)(pulls water out of tissue) - strains heart |
Primary polycythemia
|
|
- every other cause
- usually appropriate response to: -- altitude, exercise, dehydration |
Secondary polycythemia
|
|
Artificially induced polycythemia
|
blood doping
|
|
-Low O2 carrying capability of the blood
-pale, fatigued, short of breath , chilly |
Anemia
|
|
Anemia causes:
|
-insufficient # of RBCs
-decreased hemoglobin content -abnormal hemoglobin |
|
When u have an isufficient # of RBCs. . .
|
- hemorraging may occur
- hemolysis (destruction of RBCs) - bone marrow failure |
|
iron or vitamin deficiency
|
decreased hemoglobin content
|
|
sickle-cell anemia
|
-1 of the aa in the Hb is wrong
-Hbs stick together under low O2 conditions -RBC becomes sticky & sharp -tissues become hypoxic (low O2) - intense pain -transfusion |
|
where did sickle cell anemia originate from?
|
Africa - "Malarial Belt"
--malaria paracite eats hemoglobin --can't digest Hbs (sickle hemoglobin) --gene survives |
|
Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one contraction (70ml)
|
Stroke Volume (SV)
|
|
# of contractions per minute
|
Heart Rate (HR)
|
|
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute
|
Cardiac Output (CO)
|
|
Average adult blood volume is:
|
5000ml
blood through body in 1 minute |
|
Equation for blood volume
|
CO = HR * SV
|
|
Autonomic NS
Sympathetic NS Heart Rate |
physical or emotional stress
- Stimulates the SA & AV nodes & the cardiac muscle itself --increases HR & SV --Increases delivery of O2 & nutrients to body |
|
Autonomic NS
Parasympathetic NS Heart Rate |
physical or emotional stress. When demands decline:
heart rate slows down |
|
Hormone that mimics the sympathetic NS
|
Epinephrine
|
|
Hormone that affects the HR & SV
|
Thyroid Hormone
|
|
What do ions cause in the blood?
|
-Hypocalcemia
-hypercalcemia -imbalances of Na and K cause arryhthmias |
|
Hypocalcemia in the blood causes HR to
|
decrease
|
|
Hypercalcemia in the blood
|
prolongs contractions and may stop the heart
|
|
imbalances of Na and K in the blood may cause
|
arrhythmias
|
|
Physical factors affecting heart rate:
|
age
gender heat |
|
Weakening of the heart so circulation doesn't meet tissue needs due to:
-clogging of coronary vessels -high blood pressure -multiple myocardial infarctions blood backs up EDEMA |
Congestive Heart Failure
|
|
have 1 or 2 nuclei
r short and branching r not arranged in bundles |
Cardiac muscle fibers
|
|
Cardiac cells are joined end to end by:
|
intercalated discs
|
|
3 features of the intercalated discs:
|
1) Adjacent membranes have interdigitating folds
2)Desmosomes (prevent seperation during contraction) 3) Gap junctions |
|
-hollow cylinders allow ions to pass
-transmit action potential -throughout heart --cells electrically stimulate eachother |
Gap Junctions
|
|
Part of the intercalated discs that prevents seperation during contraction
|
Desmosomes
|
|
The dynamic (everchanging) pipes of the cardiovascular system
|
Blood vessels
|
|
Blood leaving heart passes through:
|
Arteries
-carry blood away from heart -usually oxygenated -become progressively smaller |
|
Blood through body travels through these "pipes" starting at heart
|
arteries
arterioles capillaries venules veins |
|
Blood returning to heart passes through:
|
Veins
-carry blood to heart -usually deoxygenated -become progressively larger |
|
the business end of the circulatory system
|
capillaries
|
|
-exchange site
-simple squamous epi -RBCs have to pass single file |
capillaries
|
|
where are capillaries scarce?
absent? |
tendons and ligaments
absent in cartilage, epi, cornea, & lens of the eye |