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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pre-operational stage is from
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2-7
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the most obvious change in the pre-operationl stage is the increase in
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representational or symbolic activity
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the most flexible means of mental representation according to Piaget
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language
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when we think in words we overcome our momentary experiences and can deal with the
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past, present, and future
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Piaget beleived that language played a major part in cognitive development T or F
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F
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what leads to internal images of experince that children then label with words, according to Piaget
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sensorimotor activity
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what is another good example of mental representation during early childhood, it enables children to strengthen newly aquired representational schemes
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make believe play
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three important changes that reflect the preschool childs symbolic mastery
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over, time play increasingly detaches itself from real life conditions associated with it, play becomes less self centered with age, and play gradually includes more complex scheme combinations
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at what age do children pretend with less realistic toys?
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after 2
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children pretending to drink from a cup but refusing to drink from a hat are what age
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younger than 2
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when do children become detached particpants
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early in the 3rd year
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detached participant means that
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children realize that agents of pretend actions can become independent themselves
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when a child is pouring and drinking they are combining
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schemes
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at age 2 1/2 children combine schemes with those of peers in
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sociodramatic play
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children having a good understanding of role relationships and story lines is an example of
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sociodramatic play
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children believe that make believe play is a representational activity between the ages of
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4-8
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sammy plays war with his friends that are 4-8 years of age but he knows its not real. This shows that Sammy knows the game of war is just a
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representational activity
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you pretend to be an astronaut and you pretend to be a fireman sammy says. This shows he has begun to reason about
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peoples mental activities
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piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they can understand T or F
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F
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mental actions that obey logical rules according to piaget are
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operations
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the most serious deficiency of the preoperational stage according to Piaget is
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egocentrism
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failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others
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egocentrism
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piagets three mountain problem demonstrates
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egocentrism
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when children could not select a picture from the dolls viewpoint this was the what problem
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three mountains
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sammys firm insistance that someone had turned on the thunder shows his
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egocentrism
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the belief that inatimate objects have lifelike quailities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
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animistic thinking
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animistic thinking happens in the
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pre-operational stage
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egocentric thinking happens in the
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pre-operational stage
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refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes
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conservation
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inability to conserve happens in what stage
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pre-operational
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at snacktime sammy poured all his raisins out on the table his friend tardo insisted he had more just because his was compacted in the baox is an example of
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inability to conserve
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focusing on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features
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centration
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the most important illogical feature of pre-operational thought is
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irreversibility
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an inability to mentally go through a series of stepsi n a problem and then reverse direction returning to the starting point
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irreversibility
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reversibility is part of every logical operation T or F
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T
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a child focusing on the height of the water in the beaker and not anything else diplays
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centration
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I know sammy does not have more raisins than me, lets put them back in the box and compact them again says tardo, this is an example of
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reversibility
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the orginization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
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Hierarchial classification
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Piagets class inclusion problem measured
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Hierarchial classification
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children are shown 16 flowers 4 of which are blue and 12 are yellow. and they are aked are there more yellow flowers or flowers? This shows
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Ability of Hierarchial classification
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problems include to many things for children to focus on and have no experience with, they do not test their true ability is an example of
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criticisms of Piaget's tests
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when preschoolsers adapt their speech to fit the needs of their listeners shows
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non-egocentrism
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preschoolers would do better on tests if
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they were given tasks that are relevant to their everyday lives
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weight, liquid, mass, length, and number are all measures of
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conservation
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preschoolers can think logically T or F
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T
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playdough is to cut up as apple is to (cut up) is test of preschoolers
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logical thought
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preschools struggle to use logical thinking only if they are confronted with
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too much information, or unfamiliar things
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preschoolers cannt categorize T or F
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F
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"really and truly measured
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appearance Vs. reality
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at what age do children start to do well on appearance Vs. reality tests
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6&7
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how do children master appearance reality distinctions?
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make believe play
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age preschoolers show a dramatic increase in representational activity, as reflected in the development of language, make believe play and categorization
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2-4
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age preschoolers take the perspective of others in simplified, familiar situations and in everyday face to face communication
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2-4
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age preschoolers distinguish animate from inanimate, denies magic can alter everyday experiences
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2-4
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age preschoolers notice transformations, reverse thinking, and explain events logically in familiar contexts
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2-4
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age preschoolers categorize objects on the basis of common function not just appearance
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2-4
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age preschoolers sort familar objects into hierarchically organized categories
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2-4
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age pre-schoolers become increasingly aware that make believe and other thought processes are representational
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4-7
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replace magical beliefs about faries, goblins, and santa clause with plauseable explanations
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4-7
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age preschoolers show improved ability to distinguish appearance from reality
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4-7
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stage that spans years 2-7
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preoperational
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In a piagetian classroom, children are encouraged to discover for themselves throught spontaneous interaction with the environment art materials, puzzles, table games, building blocks measuring tools,dress up clothing this is called what type of learning
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discovery learning
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a piagetian classroom tries to speed up development T or F
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F
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a piagetian classroom does not try to speed up development instead learning experiences are built on a childs current thinking. Teachers watch and listen and introduce experiences that enable them to practice new schemes and challenge their own current thinking. this is called
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sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn
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teachers not imposing new skills is an example of
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sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn
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Piaget believed that children go through the same sequence of development but at diferent rates,therefore teachers must plan for activities that involve small groups rather than the whole class this is called
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acceptance of individual differences
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maybe the biggest criticism of piaget's educational styles is
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that children learn mainly by acting on the environment
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what theory focuses on language in development?
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VSCT
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preschoolers talk to themselves during puzzles and other tasks, Piaget called this
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egocentric speech
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according to Vygotsky children talk to themselves for
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self-guidance
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the verbal dialogues we carry out with ourselves whil thinking and actinfg on the environment
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inner speech
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now childrens self directed speech is called, thanks to Vgotsky
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private speech
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where does private speech come from?
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The zone of proximal development
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when talking about the zone of proximal development this is used to adjust the support offered during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance.
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scaffolding
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effecting scaffolding involves
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withdrawing support and turning it over responsibility to the child
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peer disagreement was emphasized by
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Piaget
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what is the difference in discovery when it comes to Piagetian and Vgotskian classrooms
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Vygotskys promotes assisted discovery
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what classroom would you find a group of classmates that is grouped together according different abilities in order to help eachother through assisted discovery
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Vgotskian classroom
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who promoted verbal communication in development
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Vgotsky
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What did Suzanne gaskins find out about the Mayan preschoolers that makes them different from ones in the western culture
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They were very independent and helpful, they can sit for long periods of time without fussing, and they seldom display attention getting behaviors
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how many items can a 2 year old recall? 4 year old?
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2, 3-4
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is recall easier to study in early childhood?
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Yes
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generating a mental image of an absent stimulus
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recall
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showing a child of set of ten toys then mixing them up with unfamiliar items and asking them to point to the ones in the original set measures
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recognition
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childrens recall is much poorer than their
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recognition
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deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering
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memory strategies
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young children are less effective at using these to remeber.
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memory strategies
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grouping items together is called
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organizing
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repeating items over and over again is
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rehearsal
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preschoolers do not show the beginnings of memory strategies T or F
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F
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prechoolers can rehearse and organize items into categories T or F
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F
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preschooler memory startegies consist of
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arranging items in space
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in the m&m's and wooden peg's in containers test the preschoolers used what mental strategy to find them to find them
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arranging items in space
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