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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathoogy
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branch of medicine that investigates nature of disease, esp change in body tissues or organs
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clinical pathology
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pathology applied to solving clinical problem
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pathogenesis
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development of disease or unhealthy condition
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pathologic mechanisms
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cellular events, reactions, et al.
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3 concepts in APTA GPTP
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GPTP: Guide to Physical Therapist Practice
Nagi disablement model integration of prevention & wellness strategies Patient/client management model |
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Preferred practice patterns
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section of GPTP
broken down into specific diagnostic groups by major body systems |
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PPP 4 body systems
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musculoskeletal
neuromuscular cardiopulmonary integumentary comorbidities may span systems |
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health
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inconsistently defined
disease-free state state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being continuum: death<<<health<<<healthier<<<unobtainable ideal dynamic, interactive |
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4 states of health
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biologic, psychologic, spiritual, sociologic
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biologic
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physical state
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psychologic
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mood, emotion, personality
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spiritual
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religious needs
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sociologic
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interaction between someone & their social environment
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illness
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deviation from healthy state
perception & response to unwellness |
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disease
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biologic / psychologic process resulting in malfunction of body organ / system
yields objective data |
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incidence
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# new cases of a condition over a time period compared to # of at-risk people in a population
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prevalence
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# of all cases of a condition at a point in time compared to the # of at-risk in a population
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natural history (of a disease)
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describes its progression over time
individuals vary around a norm the typical variance around a norm can vary in width |
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acute illness
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rapid onset, short duration
typically responsive to treatment, self-limiting |
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subacute
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a time course between acute & chronic
varies by condition flare up of chronic condition |
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acute illness sequence
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onset of physical symptoms
cognitive awareness of symptoms emotional response (e.g. denial, fear, anxiety) dependency (if person accepts care from others) recovery / rehab |
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chronic illness
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1 or more of
permanent impairment / disability residual physical / cognitive disability need for special rehab / long-term medical management |
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factors that influence psychologic aspects
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premorbid profile is strongest influence on psych reaction to illness
extent of illness symptoms present |
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psych symptoms w/ organic foundation
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those that stem from physical changes
memory impairment personality changes loss of impulse control mood disorders |
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organic symptom
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stems from physiologic consequence of medication or medical condition
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Disability
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men < women
young < old |
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Nagi Disablement Model
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pathology produces pain / impairment that lead to fx limitations / disability
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4 Nagi components
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disease / pathology
impairment functional limitation disability |
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impairment (Nagi)
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loss or abnormality at level of tissue, visceral, or body system
temp or perm |
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functional limitation
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those that restrict someone's actions
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disability
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limitation of physical / mental fx in social context
behavior patterns that emerge over long periods to cope with with insurmountable fxl limitation |
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ICF
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International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
framework provided by WHO to class & code health info & provide standardized int'l language describes how people live with their health condition |
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ICF replaced...
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ICIDH
revised to include host factors: demographics, environment, psychologic status, etc. |
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5 components of ICF
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body fx
body structures activities & participation environmental factors personal factors |
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ICF language
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based on enablement
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body functions & structures
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physiologic or psychologic functions of body systems or anatomical parts
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impairments (ICF)
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problems in body function / structure
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activity
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execution of tasks & actions
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activity limitations
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difficulties in execution of activities
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participation
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involvement in life situations
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participation restrictions
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problems with real life situations
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secondary conditions / impairments
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may arise from limitation of activity / participation
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cognitive disability
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can be linked to causes that present a barrier to treatment
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executive function
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cortical fx in formulation of planning & goals, initiate, monitor, maintain behavior
may appear inert or apathetic (confused w/ depression) |
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complex problem solving
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concrete thought, can't determine relevancy, misapplication of rules, difficulty generalizing across situations
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information processing
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impacts efficient transfer of information
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memory deficits
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failure to store or retrieve information
tend to be acquired |
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learning disability
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difficulty in acquiring new material in a person of near-normal intelligence
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PT strategy for decr executive fx
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more active role in maintaining treatment, education caregivers, monitor more closely
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PT strategy for decr complex problem solving
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fragment treatment into teachable steps
repetition avoid abstractions |
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PT strategy for slow info processing
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slow presentation rate
remove distractions present 1 type of info verify understanding |
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PT strategy for memory deficits
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verify no learning or emotional disorder
use external aids & multichannel approach determine which channels work best for the person |
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PT strategy for learning disabilities
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avoid written material
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medical vs disablement model
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medical
diagnosis, treatment disablement impact on functioning & performance extends scope of medical model |
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Germ theory
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Part I
Pasteur: specific microorganisms cause particular infectious diseases Part II organism success relative to competing organisms |
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germ theory & disease
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some chronic diseases previously considered hereditary, environmental, or multifactorial now known to have associations with infectious pathogens
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biomedical model
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disease explained as result of malfunctioning organs or cells
focus on causality doesn't include psychosocial components |
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multicausal theory
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disease development depends on factors related to stress, diet, lifestyle
interventions focus on relationship of individual with ex & in ternal environments |
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homeostasis theory
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injury occurs if cells or tissues are forced to adapt beyond their limitations
permanent disequilibrium may result |
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general adaptation syndrome
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builds on homeostasis theory
describes stress responses with common symptoms regardless of diagnosis stress causes disease via excessive physical demands that alter hormonal function |
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psychosocial theory
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disease in terms of physiologic, psychologic, social factors
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psychoneuroimmunology theory
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PNI model
studies disease in terms of behavior & neural, endocrine, enteric, & immune systems |
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energy medicine
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macroscopic quantum coherence
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health promotion
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shift of focus from intervention to wellness & prevention
involves self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, stress reduction & management, physical fitness from pre-birth through death |
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Healthy People 2010
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ongoing comprehensive public health planning program
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primary prevention
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remove / reduce disease risk factors
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secondary prevention
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promote early disease detection, use preventive measures to avoid complications
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tertiary prevention
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limit impact of established disease
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PT's & primary prevention
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as institutions limit LOS to lower cost, PT's begin treatment earlier to avoid complications associated w/ immobility
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PT's & secondary / tertiary care
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array of treatment settings and specializations
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PT & Prevention / wellness
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activities, screening program, promotion of healthy behaviors
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primary prevention
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preventing disease in (potentially) susceptible population
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secondary prevention
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decr duration / severity of illness, disease, sequelae
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tertiary prevention
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promote rehab, limit degree of disability, restore function
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prescriptive exercise
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beneficial hormetic effect
cardio, endurance, strength incr health & life expectancy, contributes to fitness, prevents injury, rehab impairments or disabilities |
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psychologic benefits of exercise
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prescriptive exercise may also...
preserved cognitive fx, alleviate depressive symptoms, improved concept of self-direction |
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genetic aspects of disease
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potential uses spans a wide array of diseases & disorders
some are autoimmune |
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human genome project
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project to map ~100,000 genes in 23 chromosome pairs
disproved racial genetic differences (humans 99.99% the same) |
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gene
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chemical messenger of heredity
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DNA
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comprised of nucleic acids
provide instructions for assemblage of amino acids |
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gene therapy
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process by which malfunctioning cells are targeted & repaired or replaced with corrected genes
most common delivery vector is a gengineered virus |
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approaches to gene therapy
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inject genes to replace those that are absent or malfunctioning
small-molecule therapy injection of small molecule to modify fx of ≥1 genes that are making the wrong amount of a normal product sensitizing cancer cells to drugs restore immune function in HIV germ-line repair germ cell defects to interrupt heritability |
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obstacles to gene therapy
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finding harmless vectors that do not provoke immune response
eugenics |
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gene doping
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gene therapy in sports athletes to rpomote performance
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gene testing
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id's inherited faulty genes
not predictive for all disorders |
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exercise science
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study of acute & chronic exercise on structure & fx of organ systems
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