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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functional unit of the nervous system
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Neuron
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Neurons that convey info into the CNS
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Afferent
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Neurons that transmit info from the CNS to peripheral structures
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Efferent
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Neurons that connect only with other neurons
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Interneurons
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Non-neuronal cells that provide services for the neurons
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Glia
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System that conveys info from the skin and musculoskeletal system to areas of the brain
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Somatosensory system
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System that provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland cells
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Autonomic system
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System that transmits info from the brain to skeletal muscles
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Somatic motor system
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Regions of the nervous system
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Peripheral
Spinal Brainstem and cerebellar Cerebral |
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PNS consists of
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all parts of the nervous system that are not encased in the vertebral column or skull
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Spinal region of the nervous system consists of
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all parts of the nervous system encased in the vertebral column
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Are the axons attached to the spinal cord within the spinal region of the NS?
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Yes, but only until the axons exit the intervertebral foramen
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Connects the spinal cord with the cerebral region
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Brainstem
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Major divisions of the brainstem
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Medulla, pons, midbrain
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Most massive part of the brain is the ______________, and consists of
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres |
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Located in the center of the cerebrum, almost completely surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
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Diencephalon
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Structures of the diencephalon
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
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Cerebral hemispheres consist of
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cerebral cortex, axons connecting the cortex with other parts of the nervous system, deep nuclei
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A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS
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Tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle or capsule
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What is gray matter?
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Areas of the CNS containing primarily neuron cell bodies
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Groups of cell bodies in the PNS
Groups of cell bodies in the CNS |
Ganglia
Nuclei |
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Axons of ______________ convey info among parts of the NS. Info is integrated in ___________________.
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White matter
Gray matter |
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Within a peripheral nerve, are there efferent or afferent axons?
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Both
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Peripheral components of the somatic nervous system include:
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Axons, sensory nerve endings and glial cells
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Distally, the spinal cord ends in__________________, at the level of ______. It then converts into the ________________
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the conus medullaris, L1-L2, cauda equina
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Number of segments of the spinal cord
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31
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Dorsal and ventral roots connect the spinal nerves to
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the spinal cord
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The dorsal root ganglion contains
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the cell bodies of sensory neurons
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The rami communicantes conducts signals between
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the spinal cord and the sympathetic ganglia
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White matter in the spinal cord is divided into 3 areas (funiculi):
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-Anterior column
-Lateral column -Dorsal column |
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Main 2 functions of the spinal cord
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1- To convey info between the neurons connected to peripheral structures and the brain
2- To process info |
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Functions of the brainstem
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-Conveys info between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
-Integrates info -Regulates vital functions (i.e. respiration, HR, temperature) |
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Purely sensory cranial nerves are
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Olfactory
Optic Vestibulocochlear |
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Cranial nerves that are mainly motor, but also contain some sensory fibers are
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Oculomotor
Trochlear Abducens Accessory Hypoglossal |
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Cerebellar midline
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vermis
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The cerebellum consists of
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2 large cerebellar hemispheres and a midline vermis
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Internally, the cerebellar hemispheres are composed of:
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the cerebellar cortex on the surface, underlying white matter and centrally located deep nuclei
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The cerebellum connects to the posterior brainstem by large bundles of fibers called
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peduncles
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They join the midbrain, pons and medulla with the cerebellum
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Superior, middle and inferior peduncles
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Its function is to coordinate movements
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The cerebellum
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Name the 12 cranial nerves
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1-Olfactory
2-Optic 3-Oculomotor 4-Trochlear 5-Trigeminal 6-Abducens 7-Facial 8-Vestibulocochlear 9-Glossopharyngeal 10-Vagus 11-Accessory 12-Hypoglossal |
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Function of the oculomotor nerve
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Moves eyes up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid, constricts pupil
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Function of the trochlear nerve
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Moves eye medially and down
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Function of the trigeminal nerve
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Facial sensation
Chewing Sensation from TMJ |
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Function of the abducens nerve
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abducts eye
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Function of the facial nerve
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Facial expression
Closes eyes Tears Salivation Taste |
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Function of the vestibulocochlear nerve
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Sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement
Hearing |
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Function of the glossopharyngeal nerve
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Swallowing
Salivation Taste |
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Function of the vagus nerve
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Regulates viscera, swallowing, speech and taste
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Function of the accessory nerve
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Elevates shoulders, turns head
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세련되다
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to refine
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Consists primarily of the pineal gland
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Epithalamus
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This structure maintains body temperature, metabolic rate and the chemical composition of tissues and fluids within an optimal functional range. It also contributes to the regulation of eating, reproductive and defensive behaviors; expression of emotions, growth and the function of reproductive organs.
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Hypothalamus
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____________________ relay info to the cerebral cortex, process emotional and some memory info, integrate different types of sensation (i.e. touch and visual info), or regulate consciousness, arousal and attention.
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Thalamic nuclei
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Function of the pineal gland
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Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands, including the pituitary and adrenal glands.
It also produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions. |
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The subthalamus is part of a neural circuit controlling___________
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movement
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Divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres
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longitudinal fissure
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6 lobes of the brain
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Frontal
Parietal Occipital Temporal Limbic Insular |
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The central sulcus marks the boundary between
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the frontal and parietal lobes
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Lateral sulcus marks the boundary between
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The temporal and frontal lobes
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Processes sensory, motor and memory info and it's the site for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence and personality.
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Cerebral cortex
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Huge commissure that connects most areas of the cerebral cortex
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Corpus callosum
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Connects the temporal lobe cerebral cortices
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Anterior commissure
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Consists of axons projecting from the cerebral cortex to subcortical structures and viceversa. Sudivided into anterior and posterior limbs, with a genu.
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Internal capsule
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Basal ganglia nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres
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Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
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The putamen and globus pallidus together are called
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the lenticular nucleus
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The caudate and putamen together are called
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the corpus striatum
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The basal ganglia circuit helps to
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control movement
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The subthalamic nuclei in the diencephalon and the substantia nigra in the midbrain are also part of what circuit?
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The basal ganglia neural circuit
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The limbic system is involved with
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emotions and the processing of some types of memory
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Within the ventricles, CSF is secreted by
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the choroid plexus
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The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the
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interventricular foramina
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CSF is a modified filtrate of
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plasma
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Meninges, from outmost to inmost
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Dura, arachnoid, pia
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Projections of the dura that separate parts of the brain
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falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
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The falx cerebri separates
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the cerebral hemispheres
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Separates the posterior cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum
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tentorium cerebelli
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Spaces within the dural projections that return CSF and venous blood to the jugular veins
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Dural sinuses
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Regulates the contents of the extracellular fluid and provides buoyancy to the CNS by suspending the brain and spinal cord within fluid and membranous coverings
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CSF system
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Which arteries supply blood to the spinal cord? What areas do each one of them supply?
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Anterior spinal artery- anterior 2/3 of cord
Posterior spinal arteries (2)- posterior 1/3 of the cord |
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The spinal arteries receive blood via
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the vertebral and medullary arteries
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The medullary arteries are branches of
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vertebral, cervical, thoracic and lumbar arteries
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Two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain
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2 internal carotid arteries
2 vertebral arteries |
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The internal carotid arteries provide blood to
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most of the cerebrum (anterior, superior and lateral cerebral hemispheres)
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The vertebral arteries provide blood to
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the occipital and inferior temporal lobes and to the brainstem region (brainstem, cerebellum, posteroinferior cerebrum)
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Formed by the union of the vertebral arteries
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basilar arteries
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3 main branches of each vertebral artery
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anterior and posterior spinal arteries
posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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The basilar artery and its branches (anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar) supply
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the pons and most of the cerebellum
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At the junction of the pons and midbrain, the basilar artery divides to become
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the posterior cerebral arteries
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Primary blood supply to the midbrain
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Posterior cerebral artery
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vituperate
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to condemn, to scorn, to despise
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Joins the anterior cerebral arteries together in the circle of Willis
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anterior communicating artery
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Links the internal carotid with the posterior cerebral artery in the circle of Willis
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posterior communicating artery
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3 major cerebral arteries
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anterior, middle and posterior
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Area of marginal blood flow on the surface of the lateral hemispheres, where small anastomoses link the ends of the cerebral arteries
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watershed area
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Anterior cerebral artery supplies
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anterosuperior parts of the medial cerebral hemisphere
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Middle cerebral artery supplies
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most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, caudate, and parts of the putamen and internal capsule
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Posterior cerebral artery supplies
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midbrain, occipital lobe and parts of the medial and inferior temporal lobe
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Anterior choroidal artery supplies
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choroid plexus in lateral ventricles
parts of the visual pathway (optic tract and optic radiations) parts of the putamen thalamus internal capsule hippocampus |
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The anterior choroidal is a branch of
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the internal carotid
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The posterior choroidal is a branch of
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the posterior cerebral artery
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Special Reports - Compliance with Contract or Regulatory Requirements - Special Purpose Financial Presentation
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- May be incomplete financial presentation in accordance with GAAP/OCBOA or special purpose not in conformity with GAAP/OCBOA
- Include explanatory paragraph - Both are restricted use |
