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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 branches of the U.S government?
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Legislative
Executive Judicial |
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The President of the United States belong to which branch?
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Executve
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Congress belongs to which branch?
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Legislative
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Supreme court belongs to which branch?
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Judicial
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Define BALANCE OF POWER?
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An equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one "nation" or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another.
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What are some ways the US government can achieve balance of power?
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-Check and Balances
-Tenure -Constitution -Amendments -Bill of Rights -Conflict of Interest Clauses |
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The Congress is composed of what two house?
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House of Representatives
Senate |
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Identify some powers that the Congress is entitle to?
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Collect taxes
Regulate Commerce Established Federal Courts Raises and maintains navy/army Declares war Proposes tax laws Can impeach the presidents Proposes amendments onto the constitution. Approves presidential appointments Approves treaties with foreign governments Tries the president after impeachment |
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Identify some powers that the House of Representatives are entitle to?
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Proposes tax laws
Can impeach the presidents Proposes amendments onto the constitution. |
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Identify some powers that the Senates are entitle to?
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Approves presidential appointments
Approves treaties with foreign governments Tries the president after impeachment |
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Identify some power that the Executive Branch are entitle to?
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Can approve/veto laws
Make treaties with foreign governments Nominates judges to the Supreme Court Oversees numerous departments and agencies |
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Identify some powers that the Judicial Branch are entitle to?
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Can declare laws unconstitutional
Presides over impeachment trial of the President Can resolve domestic disputes involving the President Can declare presidential acts unconstitutional May prevent presidential action through injunction |
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Who is the head of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
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Office of the Secretary – Secretary Kathleen Sebelius
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What branch of government does the DHHS belongs to?
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Executive Branch
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What is the mission of the DHHS?
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Provide health care to all.
Oversee health care coverages |
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The Judicial Branch is responsible for what?
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Interpret the Law
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The Executive Branch is responsible for what?
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Enforce/implementing/Executing the law
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The Legislative Branch is responsible for what?
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Making the law
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Define Tenure?
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Tenure is a certain amount of time an individual can serve in office…for example to prevent dictatorship
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Define Constitution?
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Lay out the power of congress, branches, and people
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Define Amendment?
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Allow changes in the Constitution
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Define Bill of Rights?
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Gives the alien people’s right…for example Freedom of Speech or Freedom of Assemble
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Define Bill of Rights?
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Gives the alien people’s right…for example Freedom of Speech or Freedom of Assemble
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What is the CDC responsible for?
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Monitors health
Detects and investigates health problems Conducts research to enhance prevention Develop and advocates sound public health policies Implements prevention strategies Promote health behaviors Fosters safe and healthful environments Provides leadership and training. |
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What is the Center for Medicare/Medicaid/CHIP responsible for?
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Ensure up to date health care coverages and promotes quality care for beneficiaries
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What is the Food and Drug Administration responsible for?
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Responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation, and by regulating the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products‖
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The FDA can regulate what?
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Food
Biologics, Vaccines Cosmetics Animal/Veterinary Products Medical Devices Radiation-emitting products Tobacco Productq |
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What is the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?
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The nation's medical research agency that makes important medical discoveries that improve health and save lives
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How are House of Representatives delegated for each state?
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Base on population
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How are the Senates delegated for each state?
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Each states have 2 senate
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True or False: "Powers are delegated to the United States by the Constitution?"
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False: "Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people
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What is the Supreme Law of the Land?
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Constitution
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Between state and federal law, which one will win?
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State law or typically the most stringiest. But there are times Federal law will win.
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Which jurisdiction is broader, state or federal?
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State
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Identify some areas where Federal jurisdiction have the main say?
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Cases in which the US is a party.
Cases involving violations of the US Constitution or federal laws Cases between citizens of different states if the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 Bankruptcy, copyright, patent, and maritime law cases |
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Base on what two documents/regulations, gives Federal the right to have the final say on certain issues?
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Constitution
Supremacy |
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Identify 1 program federally funded but is run by the States?
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Medicaid
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Define PUNITIVE DAMAGES?
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Withdrawal of state funds
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Why would the federal government offer punitive damages against the state?
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The federal government set standards and if the state fails to enforce these standards, they will likely give punitive damages
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If the state does not have the capacity to enforce a particular set of standards but want to avoid punitive damages, what are some options available toward them?
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State may expand the authority of state legislature by putting federal standards into state law
State may give powers to other authorities or agency within state Federal and state governments rely upon competition Federal government may make fiscal grants to states to assist in capacity building |
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Define Nullification?
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The state's rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law pass by the US Congress
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Define jurisdiction?
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The right and power to interpret and apply the law
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Define Fiscal?
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Budget or money
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What is the different perspective of health care between state versus federal?
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State wants to preserve public health, including proposing, enacting, and enforcing health laws/regulation
Federal government sets basic standards and establishes certain national authorities |
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What is the FD&C Act?
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act which require labeling.
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What are some duties/activities the FDA are responsible for?
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Recall items
Monitor Durable Medical Equip Oversees seafood, vaccines, biologics Categorize illegal and legal drugs Monitor drug abuse and prevention Monitor pesticides Monitor drug trafficking |
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What agency oversees MANUFACTURING OF OVER THE COUNTER MEDICATIONS?
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Federal Trade Commission
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Which program covers durable medical supplies?
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Part B of medicare
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What can the Federal government regulate in health care?
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Food and Drugs
Certain Hospital and Asylums Public Health and Welfare |
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What program does Medicare receives it's funding from?
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Social Security
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Define Indigents?
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People who can not afford health care and live below poverty
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What is one program, where financing is shared by both federal and state governments?
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Federal Medical Assistance Program
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What is FMAP?
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Federal Medical Assistance Program, more money for poorer states
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The budgets of Medicare come from? Medicaid?
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Medicare : Social Security
Medicaid : General Budget |
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Part A covers what?
Part B covers what? |
Hospital or Inmpatient Care
Durable Medical Equp |
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Identify some durable medical equipment?
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Diabetes supplies
Wheel chair Beddings |
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Part D covers what?
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Option of prescription coverages
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What is Tearing?
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Set certain medication in certain categories such as an individual is require to try a cheaper medication first, if it doesn't work, then they are allow to try another drug
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CHIP is offer to certain individual base on?
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Family size
Low incomes Especially kids that don't qualify for private insurance or Medicaid (not INDIGIENT) |
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What did Obama do with CHIP in 2009?
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He reauthorize it until 2013 and donated more fundings to the program
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What is the difference between PRACTITIONER and PROFESSIONAL?
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Practitioner: collective concern for restoring and maintaining human health through study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease...heal the sick
Professional: someone who specialized and with the technical knowledge with license and continuing education |
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What are 4 healing methods?
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Homeopathy
Allopathy Nutrition Complimentary & Alternatives |
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What is the difference between the two healing method of HOMEOPATHY and ALLOPATHY?
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Homeopathy is the concept of curing dilution...using like to cure like
Allopathy: using something opposite to cure it |
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Describe how nutrition is use to heal?
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By adding certain things in their diet to cure sickness
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Give some examples of COMPLIMENTARY and ALTERNATIVE?
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Meditation
Martial Arts Herbal tonics and supplements |
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Between the 4 methods of healing, which one is currently most popular in Western culture?
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Allopathy
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Early 20th century, dramatic changes occur in the field of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy, what were some rapid changes?
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Strengthen status in society
Distinguish roles and expertise Education reform Clientele above profit Emergence of professional organization |
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Describe educational reform?
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Change the standard of education
Example: how long should a pharmacist go to school for? |
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Describe CLIENTELE ABOVE PROFIT?
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Example: Pharmacist began to counter prescribe that was not authorize by physician and started to diagnose patients.
Campaign that these medications work and sell them for profit |
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What is LICENSING?
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Self regulation by using new standards
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What report declared that "Pharmacy was not a profession?"
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Flexner Report
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The Flexner Report, mainly concentrated on aspect?
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Medical education in the united states and canada
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Flexner Report established _____ ______ as standard?
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Allopathic
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Legally sanction school set what?
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Set standard for training health care
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The new training model mainly concentrated on what?
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Technique Base
Biological Science |
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The NEW TRAINING MODEL was influence by who or what?
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Civil War era
Flexnor Report Establishment of research centers |
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How did the military and civil war era influence the NEW TRAINING MODEL?
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They usher in new technologies in order to meet their needs
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True or False: Doctors are part of medical organization?
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True
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In the 1960s, Federal government recognized shortage of health care professionals, especially in rural areas and underserved communities, result in a new workforce of what profession?
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Physician Assistants, who would assume tasks of routine medical care under the responsibility of physician
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Who initially created a workforce of physician assistant during shortage?
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Charles Hudson
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Where was the first PA educational program established?
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Duke University
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The PA workforce was established to counteract the shortage of health care provider but was well as?
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Primarily role was to serve the medically underserved
Address gap in primary health care |
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PA need to be certified every?
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6 years
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Are PA license or certified?
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Certified
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During what eras did the formulation for training school for females occur in the area of nursing?
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19th and 20th
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What role/occupation asserted legal independence from physicians?
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Nurse Practitioner
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Who has limiting prescribing privileges?
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PA
Nurse Practitioners Certified Registered Nurse Aneth Certified Nurse Speciality CNM |
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Define NURSE?
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In charged with ensuring sanitation, efficacy of treatment, and nutritious diets
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What was the purpose did the APhA codes of ethics of 1922?
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Pharmacy attempt to change their retail image into something related to health care by setting a objective of safety
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The commission on pharmacy of 1975 established what?
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Established pharmaceutical care model as cornerstone of pharmacy practice
Increase level of professional service to both patients and prescribers Increased emphasis of non economic values |
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Which agency establishes fellowships and residencies for pharmacist?
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American Society of Health Systems (ASHP)
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What is the mission of HRSA?
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Served the underserved
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What is the need for HRSA?
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Primary care provider numbers have receded in past decade
Issue with staffing rural and urban areas Issue with access for racial and ethnic minorities |
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What have HRSA done to increase the enrollment of minorities in health care professions as means of combating disparities?
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Established HCOP and COE programs
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What purpose does the Affordable Care act served?
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Intended to train more that 500 additional primary care physician by 2015
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What are the 5 goals of Affordable Care Act?
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Create additional primary care residency slots
Support physician assistant training in primary care Increase the number of nurse practitioners trained Established new practitioner led clinics Encourage states to plan for and address health professional workforce needs |
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Describe what the CONTAGION THEORY is?
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Contagion theory states that if you want to prevent a disease, you need to stay away from people who are sick and vice versa, people who are sick should stay away from people who are health.
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The CONTAGION THEORY lead to the concept of what?
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Quarantine
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Describe what the NON-PREVENTION THEORY is?
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Non prevention theory indicate that the wealthy's ideas of "the poor deserve to be poor and a higher being punish them by giving them COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
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Describe what the MIASMA THEORY is?
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Miasma theory states that poor condition means less sanitation
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What does the EDUCATION THEORY states?
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People need to live proper lives in order to stay healthy
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In the mid to late 20th century and early 21st century, the leading cause of death was due to the "side effect of wealthy society," what does that mean?
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Side effect of wealthy society is due to the luxury of certain items like fast food causing cardiovascular disease, smoking leading to cancer.
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What are diseases/threats we are facing now or will in the future?
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Mainly bioterrorism (anthrax)
Malaria TB AIDS COPD |
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During the 19th century to early 20th century, studies were showing that females out live males, why is that?
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Men tend to have risky occupations as well as more risky lifestyles.
Men engaged in war at the time. BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY WOMEN WERE MORE LIKELY TO GO SEE A DOCTOR |
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Szasz and Hollender develop 3 Models for PROVIDERS, list them?
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Activity-Passivity
Guidance-Cooperation Mutual Participation |
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Define ACTIVITY-PASSIVITY?
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ACTIVITY-PASSIVITY: occurs when the providers are more active in patient care, whereas the patient are just at the receiving end and has no input
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Define GUIDANCE-COOPERATION?
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GUIDANCE COOPERATION occurs when providers are still providing information, but patients are also responding and asking questions.
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Define MUTUAL PARTICIPATION?
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Patient caring for themselves as well as provider caring for them
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Activity-Passivity most likely resembles what kind of relationship?
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Parent-Child Relationship
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GUIDANCE-COOPERATION most likely resembles what kind of relationship?
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Parent-Adolescent Relationship
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List all the Provider Models of Care?
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Szasz and Hollender's Three Models
- Activity Passivity - Guidance Cooperation - Mutual Participation Consumer Model Patient-Centered Model Disease-Centered Model Biopsychosocial |
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When patients are demanding certain medications or recommending what they want for treatment because they were able to research about the condition on the internet, this most likely resembles what Provider Models of Care?
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Consumer Model
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What factor influence the CONSUMER MODEL?
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Direct consumer advertising like the Internet and Commercials because these type of medias place the ideas into the patient's head that they can diagnose themselves
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What is PATIENT CENTER MODEL?
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Patient Center Model accounts for all aspects of the patient's lifestyle, mental, culturally, education wise and others
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What is DISEASE CENTER MODEL?
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Disease center model is solely the treatment of disease
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Give an example of DISEASE CENTER MODEL?
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A patient goes into a care clinic and the doctor look at his/her condition and immediately gives him/her a prescription without asking anything about the patient.
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What term describe mind and body dualism, in which mental capacity is related to physical health?
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Biopsychosocial
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Patient Health Belief Models is mainly divide into 4 categories, list them?
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Locus of Control
Cues of Action Self Efficacy Social Cognitive Theory |
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What is the difference between INTERNAL MODEL and EXTERNAL MODEL?
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Internal model is the ability to believe in something and it will come true
External model is the acknowledgment that no matter what I do I will still be sick |
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Between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL MODELS, which one relinquish control to the provider?
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External
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INTERNAL and EXTERNAL MODELS, are part of which patient health belief theory?
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Locus of control
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Which category of Patient Health Belief states that "what is being advertise (media, billboard) will prompt patient to seek health?
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CUES OF ACTION
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What is self efficacy?
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Basically state how effective an individual is at effecting their own health
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Social Cognitive theory has two sub categories, what are they?
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Outcomes Expectation
Efficacy Expectation |
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Describe the SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY?
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Social cognitive theory states that an individual learn by watch other.
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Vicarious experience is part of what patient health belief model?
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Social Cognitive
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What is VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE stating?
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Vicarious experience illustrate how an individual determine their health is directly related to what they see around their surroundings (friends and family)
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What is PERFORMANCE of ACCOMPLISHMENT?
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"I've done it before so I can do it again"
A mental state of positivity |
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What are some PATIENTS ADVERSE BEHAVIORS?
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Pt. use the health care system for treatment rather than a prevention method.
Use physician visits excessively when available Slow to change health seeking behaviors Lack willingness to fund better health care Seek convenience and maintain increasingly more consumerist attitudes |
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Give an example of patient seeking convenience and maintaing increasingly more consumerist attitudes?
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Mail order Pharmacy
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Define HEALTH LITERACY?
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Health literacy is the ability of a patient to read, understand, and act on basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions
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The average american can read at what grade level?
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8TH
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The average health information is at what grade level?
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12th
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What are some access barriers to health care?
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Financial :income, transportation
Cultural: language, trust Emotional: depression Physical Health: local health quality |
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What are some consequences of poor health literacy, poor health access, and disparities?
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Increase health system costs
Lower productivity Patient or Provider may get frustrated or confused resulting in medication error |
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What are the JOINT COMMISSION responsible for?
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Joint commission is a non profit organization that fund different hospital and if hospital are found to be NOT up to standard, the JCO may remove the hospital's ACCREDITATION
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