Photosynthesis And Respiraion Unit Bio

Front 1

Organisms obtian nutrients from the environment ..called?

Back 1

nutrition

Front 2

some nutrients gained by organisms can be..

Back 2

carbs, proteiins, lipids, oxygen water, etc

Front 3

organisms release energy from food in a controlled way

Back 3

respiration

Front 4

Chemical energy:

Back 4

energy stored in chemical bonds of glucose, glycogen lipids, etc

Front 5

free energy:

Back 5

energy rapidly available to do work, which we keep on hand as ATP

Front 6

ATP

Back 6

stores energy in phosphate bonds (P)
usable form of energy
must be in constant supply

Front 7

ADP

Back 7

leftover wehne ATP bonds are broken and energy is released
when new energy is available, ATP is regormed from ADP and phosphate

Front 8

AMP-

Back 8

in desperate situations cells will break a second phosphate bond
not as much energy

Front 9

anabolism uses ATP to

Back 9

synthesize molecules
ex: Photosynthesis --> glucose-->H20 c02

Front 10

Catabolism

Back 10

makes ATP during degradation
ex: to break dwon--> smaller products from larger reactions

Front 11

cellular respiration is the most efficient way for

Back 11

organisms to obtain energy stored in nutrients

Front 12

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 12

C6 H12 O6 +6O2--> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Front 13

where does glycolysis take place?

Back 13

cytoplasm

Front 14

aerobic respiration requires..

Back 14

oxygen

Front 15

anaerobic respiration

Back 15

doesnt require oxygen, it is simpler thus produces less energy than aerobic

Front 16

Glycolysis Step 1.

Back 16

molecule of glucose broken into two

Front 17

Glycolysis Step 2.

Back 17

Net of 2 ATP formed

Front 18

Glycolysis Step 3.

Back 18

hydrogen available for electron transport

Front 19

Glycolysis enters the cell and is converted into? and uses ___ ATP molecules

Back 19

into the form needed for the reactions which uses 2 ATP molecules

Front 20

The prepared 6-Carbon Molecule splits into two 3-C phosphates called...

Back 20

PGAL

Front 21

PGAL is rearranged to form another 3 Carbon compound called

Back 21

PYRUVATE

Front 22

the end result of glycolysis is that ___ pyruvate are formed from each glucose molecule

Back 22

2

Front 23

Hydrogen ions and electrons are produced which which are carried away by NAD+ later producing

Back 23

NADH

Front 24

Oxygen lacking is also called?

Back 24

fermentation

Front 25

fermentation produces

Back 25

no further ATP, and regenerates NAD+ from NADH

Front 26

pyruvate is converetd into

Back 26

lactate

Front 27

when oxygen is present, pyruvate is transported to the

Back 27

mitochondria

Front 28

pyruvate is broken up to produce

Back 28

CO2 and acetate

Front 29

the acetate produced gets picked up by Coenzyme A and together they form

Back 29

Acetyl CoA

Front 30

Acetyl CoA will then go to the

Back 30

Krebs Cycle

Front 31

another ___ is produced

Back 31

NADH

Front 32

the ___ of the mitochondria contains most of the enzymes for the Krebs Cycle

Back 32

matrix

Front 33

the ___ of the mitochondria contain enzymes for electron transport, ATP formation and the Krebs Cycle reactions

Back 33

cristae

Front 34

the mitochondria is the location of

Back 34

the krebs cycle and electron transport

Front 35

The Krebs Cycle is also called

Back 35

the Citric Acid Cycle

Front 36

Krebs Cycle starts where

Back 36

glycolysis ends when oxygen is present, thus needs aerobic respiration

Front 37

Krebs cycle technically starts after pyruvate turned into

Back 37

acetyl CoA

Front 38

the reactants of Krebs cycle there are 2 Acetyl CoA per

Back 38

there are 2 Acetyl CoA per glucose molecule
8 NAD+ and 2 FAD
3 molecules of 02
recycled 4C compounds of oxalocalate

Front 39

Products of Krebs Cycle

Back 39

2 molecules of ATP
8 NADH and 2FADH2
6 molecules of C02
oxaloacetate

Front 40

Electron Transport System is a component of what type of respiration?

Back 40

aerobic

Front 41

electron transport produces the most

Back 41

ATP than any of the other reactions

Front 42

electron transport involves a series of electron carries called

Back 42

cytochromes in the cristae of mitochondria

Front 43

What are the 2 carrier molecules for the Electron Transport system called?

Back 43

NADH and FADH2

Front 44

what do these two carriers do

Back 44

bring electrons to the chain via hydrogen

Front 45

hydrogen atoms are split into

Back 45

protons and electrons

Front 46

electrons are transfered along a series of substances releasing

Back 46

energy at each step

Front 47

protons diffuse down

Back 47

the concentration gradient which triggers the conversion of ADP to ATP

Front 48

the energy ultimately captured is in the form of

Back 48

ATP

Front 49

the total ATP produced is around

Back 49

32-34 molecules

Front 50

the final cytochrome:

Back 50

recombines electrons with hydrogen ions
bonds hydrogen atoms to oxygen
(3O2 needed)
(6H20 needed)

Front 51

when the krebs cycle is in non-carb metabolism and it is dealing with LIPIDS the only difference is that

Back 51

fatty acids break dwon into acetyl CoA rather than pyruvate then it enters the krebs cycle as usual

Front 52

with proteins

Back 52

amino groups are detached from carbon skeletons , chains converted into acetate, then enters Krebs cycle

Front 53

cells use glucose in bloodstream to make

Back 53

ATP

Front 54

if blood glucose levels are low,

Back 54

stored glycogen is broken down

Front 55

glucose is converted to

Back 55

glycogen

Front 56

if excess glucose

Back 56

the remainder is stored as fat

Front 57

respiration and photosynthesis processes are

Back 57

complimentary

Front 58

Equation for photosynthesis

Back 58

6CO2+6H20-->6O2+C6H12O6

Front 59

in order to maximize photosynthesis leaves have (3 things)

Back 59

wide blades
chloroplast streaming
individual pigment rotation

Front 60

cuticle:

Back 60

waxy coating to prevent water loss

Front 61

water loss can be called :

Back 61

transpiration

Front 62

stomata

Back 62

pores for gas and water exchange

Front 63

guard cells

Back 63

surround and control stomate operations

Front 64

mesophyll

Back 64

middle section where photosynthesis takes place

Front 65

spongy mesophyll

Back 65

lower layer of middle, more loosley packed so Co2 can move through to upper layer

Front 66

palisade mesophyll

Back 66

upper layer which is more ightly packed chlorplasts move around cell in both

Front 67

Transpiration is

Back 67

evaporation of water from leaf (water getting out of leaf)

Front 68

Transpiration is controlled by

Back 68

guard cells

Front 69

excess water in guard cells cause them to

Back 69

swell

Front 70

swelling of guard cells

Back 70

open stomata

Front 71

Chloroplast Streaming is

Back 71

chloroplasts circle in leaves to ensure equal access light and optimize photosynthesis

Front 72

thylakoids

Back 72

internal membrane system, flattened sacs

Front 73

grana

Back 73

stack of thylakod membranes, maximize surface area for capturing sunlight

Front 74

stRoma

Back 74

liquid solution around thylakoids, contains enzymes DNA RNA and ribosomes

Front 75

3 different but most common types of chlorophyll are

Back 75

Chlorophyll A & B, Xanthophylls, Carotenoids

Front 76

Xanthophylls

Back 76

bluish yellow

Front 77

Carotenoids

Back 77

orange

Front 78

Light reactions are the absorbtion

Back 78

of light energy

Front 79

light reactions are the conversion of

Back 79

light energy to chemical energy

Front 80

Calvin Cycle is the

Back 80

storage of chemical energy in sugars

Front 81

calvin cycle reacion is

Back 81

3CO2+3H20=>C3 H6 O3+3O2

Front 82

light reactions take place in

Back 82

thylakiods

Front 83

Calvin Cycle takes place in

Back 83

the stroma

Front 84

groups of pigments collectivly are called

Back 84

photosystems

Front 85

photosystems

Back 85

abosrb light energy from when the light hits the leaf

Front 86

photosystem I and photosystem II but...

Back 86

photosytem II really comes first because less nm

Front 87

the energy from the light is used to

Back 87

split water molecules

Front 88

this process is called

Back 88

photolysis

Front 89

the water is split into elemntal oxygen, hydrogen ions

Back 89

protons, and free electrons

Front 90

how is exchange regulated in the plant

Back 90

6 molecules of water IN
3 molecules of oxygen OUT

Front 91

energy is used to pump protons

Back 91

into the thylakoid

Front 92

gradient causes hydrogen ions to

Back 92

diffuse out of membrane

Front 93

hydrogen and eldctrons are carried to the next phase by

Back 93

NADP, an electron acceptor, which makes NADPH

Front 94

during this process what is produced?

Back 94

ATP

Front 95

The Calvin Cycle does not require

Back 95

light energy directly

Front 96

the Calvin cycle does require

Back 96

prodcuts of light reactions

Front 97

Calvin Cycle takes place in the

Back 97

stroma of the chloroplast

Front 98

the basic steps of the Calvin Cycle are (reaction)

Back 98

CO2 + RuBP=> 2PGA

Front 99

RuBP is a

Back 99

recycled 5-C compound

Front 100

C02 (1C) + a 5- Carbon compound is a

Back 100

6- carbon sugar (not glucose)

Front 101

the 6 carbon sugar ( with a lil help from an enzyme) splits into

Back 101

3-carbon acids

Front 102

The two 3-carbon acids are convrted into two 3-carbon sugars by the addition of hydrogen
THEN PGA is converted to PGAL, a 3-carbon sugar
THIS ALL IS SHOWN BY WHAT REACTION

Back 102

2PGA+2ATP+2NAPDH=>2PGAL+ADP+2P+2NADP+

Front 103

the final end product is

Back 103

PGAL!

Front 104

__ out of every 12 PGAL created are used to regenerated RuBP

Back 104

10

Front 105

there ___5-C molecules

Back 105

6

Front 106

2 out of every 12 PGAL created are released from the Calvin cycle which can create

Back 106

one molecule of glucose