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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP? |
ATP + H2O ----> ADP and Pi + energy |
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What are some of the processes that ATP is useful for? |
>Muscle contraction >Active transport >Maintaining resting potential >Re-synthesis of acetylcholine and rhodopsin >Glycolysis of respiration >Light independent reactions of photosynthesis >Synthesis >Nitrogen fixation
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Why is ATP so important for organisms? |
it is the only immediate energy source in the body |
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What happens when ATP is broken down? |
The high-energy bond between the last two phosphate molecules (where the chemical energy is stored) is broken. Chemical energy is released from this bond |
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What enzyme is used in the resynethsis of ATP? |
ATP synthase |
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What enzyme is used in the breakdown in ATP? |
ATPase |
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what happens after the ATP has been broken down and the energy had been released? |
it is resynthesised through the recycling of ADP and Pi to be broken down again |
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What makes ATP such a good energy source? |
>it can store and release small, manageable amounts of energy all at one time- so no energy is wasted >it is small and soluble- so it is easily transported >it is easily broken down in a one step process- so energy can be released quickly >it can transfer energy to another molecule by transferring one of its phosphate groups >ATP cannot pass out of the cell so therefore the cell always has an immediate energy supply >it is easily regenerated from its own waste products (ADP + Pi) |
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What is the equation for photosynthesis? |
6CO2 + 6H2O -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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what is the general process of what happens in photosynthesis? |
Light energy is absorbed and converted into organic molecules. Carbon dioxide is taken in by the leaf, through the stomata. The carbon dioxide then entries the chloroplast, which are mainly found in the palisade cell of the leaf, where it reacts to form glucose. |
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What is the storma and what is its function? and how does the stroma fluid help? |
it is the site of the light independent reaction. It contains enzymes that reduce CO2 to glucose. The stroma fluid is in close contact with the grand so there is a short diffusion distance for ATP and NADPH |
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What is the thylakoid membrane, what are the different structures inside the thylakoid membrane, and how do these structures help to benefit the chloroplast |
>the site of the light dependant reaction. >it contains embedded chlorophyll molecules. >It has a large surface areas to absorb the most amount of light energy that enters the chloroplast. >The membrane also provides an attachment site for electron carriers and enzymes |
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What is the granum and how is it adapted for its function? |
A stack of thylakoid membranes- the membranes have enzymes attached to them that help make ATP |
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What are starch grains used for? |
they are a store of excess carbohydrates |
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What is the function of the chloroplast having a double membrane? |
it controls movement of molecules in and out of the chloroplast |
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What structure do the: stroma, thylakoid membrane, starch grains and granum belong to? |
the chloroplast |
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What 2 things does the chloroplast contain except the stroma, thylakoid membrane, starch grains and granum? |
DNA and RIbosomes |
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Why do the chloroplast contain BOTH DNA AND ribosomes? |
so that they can make some of the proteins needed for photosynthesis |
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What is a coenzyme? |
something that helps an enzyme to function |
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What coenzyme is present in photosynthesis? |
NADP |
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What coenzymes are present in respiration? |
NAD and FAD |
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What are the coenzymes; NAD, FAD and NADP responsible for? |
transferring hydrogen atoms or ions from one molecule to another |
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis? |
>light dependant reaction >light independant reaction |
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Where does the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis take place? |
in the grand and the thylakoid membranes |
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Where does the light independent reaction take place? |
in the stroma of the chloroplast |
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what are the products produced from the light dependent reaction? |
ATP NADPH Oxygen |
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What is the first stage of the light dependant reaction? |
2 electrons in the first molecule of chlorophyll are excited by light energy which has struck the molecule of chlorophyll. |
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What happens when light energy strikes a molecule of chlorophyll in the first stage of the light dependant reaction? |
2 electrons are excited in the molecule. |
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What happens after the 2 electrons in the molecule of chlorophyll have been excited? |
they leave the chlorophyll molecule and are taken up by an electron acceptor |
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what happens after the two electrons are taken up by the first electron acceptor in the light dependant reaction? |
the electrons pass down a series of electron carriers where energy is released? |
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when the energy is released from the electrons passing down the series of electron acceptors in the light dependant reaction, what is the energy released used for? |
to generate ATP from ADP and Pi |
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What happens after the electrons have passed down the first series of electron acceptors in the light dependant reaction? |
they are accepted by another molecules of chlorophyll where they are excited again by light energy |
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what happens after the electrons have been exited again, in the second molecule of chlorophyll in the light dependant reaction? |
the electrons will move to a second electron acceptor at an even higher energy level |
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What happens after the electrons move to a second electron acceptor at an even higher energy level in the light dependant reaction? |
the electrons are passed down another series of electron carriers and go to the final electron acceptor |
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what is the final electron acceptor in the light dependant reaction? |
NADP |
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What are the products of the dissociation of water? |
2H+ 2e- oxygen |
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What are the 2e- , from the dissociation of water used for in the light dependant reaction? |
to replace the two electrons 'lost' by the first chlorophyll molecule |
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What is the 2H+ , from the dissociation of water, used for in the light dependant reaction? |
to reduced NADP to NADPH so that it can act as the final electron acceptor |
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What is the production of ATP described as in the light dependant reaction? |
PHOTOPHOSPHOTYLATION |
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what is PHOTOPHOSPHOTYLATION? |
the production of ATP using the energy of sunlight |
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What is the purpose of the light dependant reaction? |
to produce NADPH To produce ATP for the light independent reaction |
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What is the starting molecule of the light independent reaction? |
Ribulose bisphosphate |
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How many carbons does RuBp have? |
5 |
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What is the enzyme used to convert RuBP in GP? |
Ribulose Bisphosphate carboxylase |
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How is RuBp converted into GP? |
it combines with carbon dioxide and used the enzyme Ribulose Bisphosphate carboxylase |
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What is RuBp converted into? |
Glycerate-3-phosphate |
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How many GP molecules are made from the conversion of RuBP to GP? |
2 |
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How many carbons does glycerate-3-phosphate have? |
3 |
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What is GP converted into? |
Triose Phosphate |
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How is GP converted into TP? |
GP is reduced to TP when NADPH is oxidised NADP which allows the hydrogen atom to be donated to the reaction which allows the GP to be reduced. At the same time ATP is used as an energy source for the reaction-when this happens the ATP is converted into ADP and Pi |
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What is TP used for? |
some is used for organic substances such as glucose and some is resynthesied back into RuBp |
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How many carbons does TP have? |
3 |
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How many TP molecules are produced for every one RuBp molecule? |
2 |
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How is RuBp resynthesised from TP? |
It used energy in the form of ATP |
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What happens to the NADP after it has been used in the light independent reaction? |
it returns to the thylakoid membrane for use in the light dependant reaction |
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what happens to the ADP and Pi after it has been used in the light independent reaction? |
it returns to the thylakoid membrane for use in the light dependant reaction |
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What is the purpose of the light independent reaction? |
to produce useful organic substances for use in the plant e.g. glucose |
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what is the role of water in photsynthesis? |
it provides the hydrogen ions for the reduction of NADP alongside providing electrons and oxygen when it dissociates in the light dependant reaction |
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What is the role of light in photosynthesis? |
it excites electrons (twice) in the chlorophyll molecule, it produces ATP and it causes the dissociation of water |
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What is the role of RuBp in photosynthesis? |
it reacts with Co2 to form 2 GP molecules |
