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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an Autotroph
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Producer
Self Nourishing Organisms |
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What do Autotrophs do?
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Make their own food
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Two Types of Autotrophs
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PhotoAutotrophs
Chemoautotrophs |
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Name 3 types of Photoautotrophs?
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Plants
Blue-green algae Certain bacteria that are capable of converting solar energy into stored chemical energy by photosynthesis |
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What is a chemoautotroph?
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Bacteria that produce their food from chemicals.
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What is a Heterotroph
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consumers
decomposers |
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What do Heterotrophs do?
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Nourish on others
Eat producers and other organisms |
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Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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are an intricate balance
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Light is part of? |
the electromagnetic spectrum
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Light is measured in... |
Wavelengths
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Wavelengths can be measured in size from... |
miles to nanometers.
A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter |
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
What type of wavelengths can alter or break chemical bonds in DNA and proteins |
Short wavelengths such as gamma rays, UV light and xrays
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Most of the sun's energy that reaches the earth is in this spectrum |
visible light spectrum utilized by photosynthesis.
visible light spectrum is 380-750 nm |
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
What color is formed when the light combines from the visible light spectrum |
white
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
what separate colors compose the visible light spectrum |
violet, indigo, green, yellow, orange, red
VIGYOR |
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Light is composed of particles called |
Photons
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Photons are formed from |
the collision of atomic nuclei or electrons
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Photon energy is inversely proportional to... |
the wavelength
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Photon energy grows greater as |
the wavelength shortens
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
what color has the shortest wavelength and therefore the greatest energy |
violet
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PHYSICS OF LIGHT
What color has the longest wavelength and therefore the least amount of energy |
red
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called |
chloroplasts
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Chloroplast are located in... |
the cytoplasm of mesophyll
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Chloroplast is enclosed in... |
a double layered membrane
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Where do light independent reactions occur? |
In the stroma
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Where is the stroma located |
it lies inside the inner membrane and is a fluid filled region that contains the enzymes for photosynthesis
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Light dependent reactions occur in |
the thylakoids
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Thylakoids are located in... |
the stroma
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
What do Thylakoids contain |
chlorophyll and the machinery necessary for photosynthesis
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
Thylakoids come in what form |
stacked on top of another (think coins)
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS
A stack of thylakoids is called |
a gran (plural is grana)
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS - plant pigments
Each chloroplast contains |
chlorophyll
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS - plant pigment
What is chlorophyll |
the green chemical that traps the energy from the sun
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS - plant pigments
Chlorophyll is primarily absorbed in what regions of the light spectrum |
violet, blue (indigo), red
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS - plant pigments
what color light is not absorbed or utilized in chlorophyll |
green light
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CHOLORPLASTS AND PIGMENTS - plant pigments
Why are plants green? |
they reflect the unused green light
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What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
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Light/Solar Energy
H2O (Water) CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) |
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Where does photosynthesis take place?
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Chloroplasts
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What are the principal pigments in photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyl b - yellow-green
Chlorophyl a - blue-green Xanthrophylls - yellow-orange Carotenes - yellow |
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List photosynthesis pigments in order of solubility. Most polar to least polar.
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Chloraphyll b
Chloraphyll a Xanthrophylls Carotinoids/Carotenes |
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What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
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it is the pathway in which carbon and energy enter the food web
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Oxidation
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The loss of hydrogen atoms.
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Reduction
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The gain of hydrogen atoms.
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What colors of light are absorbed best by the pigments in the chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
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Blue & Red
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What color is not obsorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
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Green
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Autotrophs
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Producers that create their own food. (land plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
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Heterotrophs
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Consumers, take in performed organic molecules. (People, animals)
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What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
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Carbohydrates/glucose are produced.
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Where does cellular respiration take place?
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Mitochondria
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What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
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Produce ATP/ Energy.
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How do we measure the rate of photosynthesis?
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By measuring the release of oxygen during photosynthesis and comparing it to the uptake of oxygen during respiration.
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What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
or glucose+oxygen ---->carbon dioxide+water+ ATP |
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What is the purpose of the pigments in photosynthesis?
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They absorb solar energy.
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What are CO2 and H2O used for in photosynthesis?
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CO2 is oxidized to produce oxygen.
H2O is reduced to produce glucose. |
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What is produced in Photosystem II and what is it used for?
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ATP: Used during the Calvin cycle in the stroma to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.
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What is produced in Photosystem I?
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NADPH: Used during the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.
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What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
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To reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.
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What does the Calvin cycle use and what does it produce?
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It takes up carbon dioxide and reduces it to a carbohydrate that can later be turned into glucose.
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The Calvin cycle occurs.
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in the bundle sheath cells
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What is the molecular formula for carbon dioxide
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6CO2
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT
the most important types of chlorophyll are: |
Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT
Chlorophyll A Absorbs |
VIOLET and RED light.
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT
Chlorophyll A Reflects |
green and yellow light
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT
Chlorophyll B Absorbs |
BLUE and ORANGE light.
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT
Chlorophyll B Reflects |
green and yellow light
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT CAROTENOIDS contain
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other photosynthetic pigments. They are also known as accessory pigments.
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT CAROTENOIDS Pigments are
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Some are red, orange, and yellow.
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CHLOROPLASTS AND PIGMENTS-PLANT CAROTENOIDS Have what effect on the spectrum of light available for photosynthesis
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THEY BROADEN IT
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Equation for Photosynthesis
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Light energy = 6CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + 6H2O (WATER) --> C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE) + 6O2 (OXYGEN)
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS - occurs in two different stages:
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1. light dependent reaction 2. light independent reaction
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Light-dependent reaction requires
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Light
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Light-dependent reaction Occurs in
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the thylakoids –
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction - thylakoid chlorophyll absorbs photons and converts light energy to
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electrical energy and becomes “energized.”
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction - Converted electrical energy from the thylakoids is used in
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photophorylation photolysis
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction - PHOTOPHORYLATION
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the production of ATP.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction – PHOTOLYSIS
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water is split and OXYGEN is released into the atmosphere and HYDROGEN ions combine with NADP to form NADPH.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction – PHOTOLYSIS
The principle products are |
1. Adenosine triphosphate- ATP 2.. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen— NADPH 3. Oxygen
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Light dependent reaction – PHOTOLYSIS
Where are the products from Photolysis used |
ATP and NADH are utilized in the light-independent reaction. Oxygen is the by-product and released into the AIR
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Biochemical Pathway
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A series of reactions where the product of one reaction is used in the next reaction
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Thylakiods
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Disk in a chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place
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Grana
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Stacks of thylakiod disks
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Stroma
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Fluid in the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids
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Accessory pigments
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Pigments that store light energy
also known as Carotenoids |
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Stomata
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The openings in leaves that take in H2O and CO2, and let out O2
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C4 plants
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Plants that change CO2 into 4-carbon compounds and store up the carbon to be used later in the calvin cycle plants are usually in dry hot envirionments
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CAM plants
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Plants that change CO2 into a variety of carbon compounds and store up the carbon to be used later in the calvin cycle. plants are usually in dry hot envirionments
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Step 1 of photosynthesis
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Light Energy causes chlorophyll a to release an electron out of photosystem II and enter the electron transfer chain. Because the electron must be replaced, Photolysis occurs and the oxygen from the break up of H2O releases as air - the Hydrogen remains in the thylakoid membrane contributing to the concentration gradient.
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Step 2 of photosynthesis
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electrons move down the electron transport chain and lose energy, this energy is used to pump protons(H+) from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment
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Step 3 of photosynthesis
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Light energy causes an electron to ejected from Photosystem I. These electrons are replaced by electrons coming from the electron transfer chain
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Step 4 of photosynthesis
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The electrons ejected from Photosystem I move through a second electron transfer chain and combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH
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Step 5 of photosynthesis
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The protons (H+) that were pumped into the thylakoid are used by ATP Synthase that causes a phosphate to attach to ADP to make ATP (this is photophosphorylation)
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Step 1 of calvin cycle
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Carbon Fixation- Carbon atoms are taken from an inorganic molecule and incorporated into an organic molecule.
Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf through the small pores knows as stomata - 6 carbon dioxide molecules are used for each cycle Carbon atoms from 6 CO2 attach to 5 carbon RuBP to form 6 carbon molecule. |
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Step 2 of calvin cycle
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Formation of PGAL -
1.The 6 carbon molecule created by Carbon Fixation is unstable and splits into 2 phosphoglycerate (PGA) molecules, each with 3 carbons. 12 PGA molecules are formed 2. Each PGA is given a phosphate from ATP and an electron and Hydrogen from NADPH converting each PGA to a different 3 carbon compound called PGAL 12 PGALs are formed |
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Step 3 of calvin cycle
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Regeneration of RuBP - Most PGAL molecules combine with ATP to re-make RuBP, the 10 PGAL left over are used to start the cycle again to create sugar.
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What are the two energy carring molecules that are made in photosynthesis and are used in the Calvin Cycle?
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NADPH and ATP
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What is the chemical formula for Oxygen in Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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6O2 (OXYGEN)
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What is the chemical formula for Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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6CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
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What is the chemical formula for Glucose in Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE)
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What is the chemical formula for Water in Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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6H2O (WATER)
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CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH
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6CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + 6H2O (WATER)
SUNLIGHT |
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CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ENDS WITH AND PRODUCES
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C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE) + 6O2 (OXYGEN)
LIGHT ENERGY ENERGY STORED |
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CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION STARTS WITH
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C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE) + 6O2 (OXYGEN)
ENERGY STORED |
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CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION ENDS WITH AND PRODUCES
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6CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + 6H2O (WATER)
ATP ENERGY RELEASED |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 1 OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS (Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic and Anaerobic) |
glycolysis starts with a 6 carbon sugar
c-c-c-c-c-c |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 2 OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS (Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration) |
it picks up 2 phosphates from ATP (which become ADP) which form an unstable 8 atom molecule
p-c-c-c-c-c-c-p |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 3 OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS (Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic and Anaerobic) |
it breaks up into 2 molecules to create 2 PGAL
p-c-c-c p-c-c-c |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 4 OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS (Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic and Anaerobic) |
the 2 PGAL pick up a phosphate each from 2 NAD+ to create 2 PGA
p-c-c-c-p p-c-c-c-p the 2NAD+ now becomes 2 NADH |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 5 OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS (Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic and Anaerobic) |
4 ADP each take a phospate from the 2 PGAL and create 2 pyruvate which move onto the second stage
c-c-c c-c-c and form 4 ATP |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE WHAT THE END PRODUCTS OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS ARE |
4 ATP (2 invested so 2 net ATP)
2 NADH |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 1 OF THE FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA (Phase 2 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
2 Pyruvate from glycolysis travel to the inner compartment of the mitochondria
c-c-c c-c-c |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 2 OF THE FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA (Phase 2 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
an enzyme strips a carbon from each of the pyruvate. the carbon is attached to oxygen and released as CO2. The 2 carbon sugar that is left is now called an acetyl group.
at the same time a hydrogen is stripped from the pyruvate, attaches to NAD+ to create NADH (this happens for each pyruvate so 2 NADH are created) |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 3 OF THE FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA (Phase 2 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
Co Enzyme A combines with the acetyl group to form 2 Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb Cycle also known as the Citric Acid Cycle (also happens in the Mitochondria)
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE WHAT THE END PRODUCTS OF THE FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA (Phase 2 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
2 Acetyl CoA
2 molecules of Co2 2 molecules of NADH |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 1 OF THE KREB CYCLE (Phase 3 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
2 Acetyl CoA enter the cycle and transfers the carbons from each to a 4 carbon Oxaloacetate to form 2 6 carbon citrate (forms different from 6carbon sugar)
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE STEP 2 OF THE KREB CYCLE (Phase 3 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
1. 2 carbons from each 6 carbon citrate break off and release 4 carbon dioxide (CO2).
the 4 Hydrogens attach to NAD+ to create 4 NADH 2. 2 phosphates break off and attaches to 2 ADP and create 2 ATP. 2 hydrogens from this reaction attaches to NAD+ and create 2 additional NADH the other two hydrogens from this reaction attach to FAD to create FADH2 3. which leave 2 4 carbon oxaloacetate to attach to the next 2 entering acetyl CoA groups |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DESCRIBE WHAT THE END PRODUCTS ARE FROM THE KREB CYCLE (Phase 3 of Cellular Respiration - Aerobic) |
2 ATP molecules (energy)
4 Co2 (released as waste) 6 NADH (sent to Electron Transport Chain) 2 FADH2 (sent to the Electron Transport Chain) 2 4 carbon oxaloacetate (to repeat the Kreb cycle) |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The Big Picture - The first 3 Phases of Aerobic Cellular respiration produce what molecules |
Phase 1 - Glycosis creates
2 Pyruvic Acid (pyruvate) 2 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of NADH Phase 2 - Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 Acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH Phase 3 - Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 ATP 4 Co2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 4 carbon oxaloacetate (to repeat the Kreb cycle) |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Where does Glycosis occur? |
Cytoplasm
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Where does the formation of acetyl CoA occur? |
Inner compartment of the mitochondria
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? |
Inner compartment of the mitochondria
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Where is the Electron Transport Chain Located? |
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is the reactant in glycolysis |
Glucose
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is the reactant in the formation of acetyl CoA |
2 Pyruvate
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What are the reactants to the Krebs Cycle |
2 Acetyl CoA
2 oxolacetate |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is cellular respiration? |
it is the process where food is broken down and energy is released
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What does cellular respiration do with oxygen (non chemical explanation) |
takes it from the atmosphere combine it with glucose from food to produce carbon dioxide, water and atp
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The chemical formula for cellular respiration is |
C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE) + 6O2 (OXYGEN) --> 6CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + 6H2O (WATER) + ATP
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The 4 phases of aerobic cellular respiration |
1. Glycolysis
2. The formation of Acetyl CoA 3. Krebs Cycle - Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
When does anaerobic cellular respiration occur |
when oxygen is absent or limited in the cells
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What are the types of anaerobic cellular respiration |
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alchoholic Fermentation |
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CALVIIN BENSON CYCLE
What controls Carbon Fixation |
The enzyme Rubisco (Ribulose Biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is the 4th Phase of Cellular Respiration |
The electron transport chain
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Describe the 1st phase of the Electron Transport Chain |
NADH and FADH2 created from the first 3 cycles enter the ETC and react with six oxygen molecules to produce ATP
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Describe the 2nd phase of the Electron Transport Chain |
NADH and FADH2 release the electrons and hydrogen atoms they are transporting
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Describe the 3rd phase of the Electron Transport Chain |
Proteins called cytochromes embedded in the inner membrane pass from cytochrome to cytochrome releasing energy that is used to pump hydrogen from the inner mitochondrial compartment to the outer. this forms the concentration and electric gradient across the inner membrane
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Describe the 4th phase of the Electron Transport Chain |
Once the concentration gradient is established, hydrogen ions flow back into the inner mitochondrial compartment through ATP synthase - providing energy to attach a phosphate to ADP to create ATP
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Describe the 5th phase of the Electron Transport Chain |
Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transfer chains. Oxygen then combines with H+ to form water
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What are the the Electron Transport Chain |
final products
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