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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of photos?
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Public, Cult of celebrity, Scientific
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Brady got the gold medal at what exhibition?
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Crystal Palace Exhibition
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Describe the appearance of the calotype.
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Lack of detail in shadow and light areas, better for landscape, is more painterly
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Describe the appearance of the daguerreotype.
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captured more minute details and was best used for portraits
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What three things made the idea of celebrity come about?
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Press, graphic evolution, photography
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What type of photography used 4 lenses?
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Carte-de-visite
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What is cartomania?
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When people collected carte-de-visties of famous and upper class people.
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What was like a carte-de-visite, but larger?
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Cabinet cards
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Name a person that had carte-de-visites sold of them.
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Sojourner Truth (there are others)
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Who used the first artificial light to photograph?
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Nadar; photographed the sewers of Paris
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What was the name of the publication of 240 portraits and bio info to show off public figures?
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Contemporary Gallery
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What did people think about the small wars?
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That they were inevitable
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Who was the first war photographer?
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Roger Fenton; used wet collodion plates; photographed Crimean War
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Why were early war photographs staged?
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Equipment was heavy to carry and long exposure times; ex Roger Fenton shot the aftermath of canons on the road
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What was the first war to be seen by people in their living rooms?
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Civil War, through cabinet cards, tintypes, stereo cards (3d), and weekly magazines (lithographs from photos)
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The U.S. government only paid one person to photograph the Civil War. Who was he?
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Andrew Russell
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Who were the Bergstressor Brothers?
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They set up a tent to photograph soldiers going off to the Civil War and photographed soldiers on the battlefield; very staged tintypes
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Who took many of the photographs originally attributed to Brady?
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Timothy O’Sullivan and Alexander Gardner
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Were most of the Civil War photographs taken in the north or the south?
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North
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How fast did photos get to the public during the Civil War time?
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1 month; this was fast
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Did Brady copyright his work?
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yes
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What was the most famous manipulated photo in war history?
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The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter by Gardner; the gun was his prop
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Photographs were seen as proof that Southerner generals were intentionally killing Northern POWS at what camp and who was executed because of this "proof"?
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Andersonville POW Camp; Wirz
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Small wars were seen as dress rehearsals for what?
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WWI
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In 1871 what did Richard Leech Maddox discover?
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Silver bromide could be suspended in gelatin; coated on a glass plate could be allowed to dry and be stored (unlike wet collodion)
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In 1879, Kodak began mass producing what?
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dry plates
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In 1885 what did Kodak and Eastman mass produce?
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coated roll film
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A huge step-down in camera size occurred in 1898. What was this camera called?
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Brownie Box Camera
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What type of camera was the Leica?
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35mm rangefinder; great for the battlefield
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Are there photos of Roosevelt's charge up San Juan Hill?
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no
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Who was James Jimmy Hare?
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a famous war correspondent; went to small wars
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How was censorship during WWI?
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Strong censorship, not a lot of photos, wanted to keep support back home
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The Spanish Civil war was seen as staging grounds for what war?
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WWII
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In what war did the famous photographer Robert Capa start his career?
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Spanish Civil War
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Who was Robert Capa's partner?
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Gerda Taro
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What was hung by Jewish stores in WWII?
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“Jewish business, anyone shopping here will be photographed”
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What department in the army were photographers under in Nazi Germany?
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propaganda; because of Goebles
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Who made money off of photos of Jewish life and then helped Eastern European Jews in Nazi Germany?
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Vishniac
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The media in Germany was able to convince the Germans what about WWII?
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That they were winning when they were actually losing.
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Name a WWII photographer
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Margaret Bourke-White, Lee Miller
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Were battle scenes staged in WWII?
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no
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Who worked for Life magazine and showed the lifestyles of the troops in WWII?
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Eugene Smith
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Who was the main Korean War photographer?
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David Douglas Duncan
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What was the first war that was not censored?
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Vietnam War
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Eddie Adams regretted taking a photo of what?
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a Viet Cong prisoner being shot in Saigon
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Larry Burrows moved away from photographing the military and started photographing whom during the Vietnam War?
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civilians
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What type of signs are indexical?
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logical, common sense connections- ex. footprint in snow, smoke, map, fever.
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What is a preconceived idea of how things should be?
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Expectation
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What is it called when, unconsciously, your mind only focuses on what it thinks is important?
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Selectivity
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When you protect yourself from over stimulation by selecting things you know and understand it is called what?
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Habitualism
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Salience is when you notice things more if they have....what?
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a personal meaning to you.
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What war was probably the most censored?
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the first war with Iraq
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What were images like from the first war with Iraq?
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stagey and distant; looked like video games
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What two main photographers photographed September 11?
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Susan Meiseles and Joel Meyerowitz
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What is the name of the book from the second (ongoing) war with Iraq that has photos taken by photographers not working alongside the military?
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Unembedded
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Who wrote the "Three Guineas" debating whether war photos can prevent war?
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Virginia Wolf
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Name a book written by Susan Sontag that was a critical analysis of the media?
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On Photography
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A photo of a Palestine child killed by Israelis that caused the Palestines to kill Isrealis supports Susan Sontag's view of what?
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That war photos enrage people and do not prevent war
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When did war photography become immediate to American society?
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Civil War
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Images make us numb, raises our tolerance for photos. What writer proposes this?
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Susan Sontag
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What major force caused Americans to be against the Vietnam War?
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the media
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Susan Sontag divides her life between before and after she saw what images?
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Nazi death camp images
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Name an artist who depicted the gruesomeness of war even before photography in his engravings.
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Jacque Calo; Miseries and Misfortunes of War
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Are war photos just windows?
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No, they are manipulated and chosen; things are excluded
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Historically, war photos were meant to show what?
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glory
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Our memory of wars has been made up of what?
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photographs
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We are a society of what?
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spectacle
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Name three instances where photos were used to convict people.
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1. Sergeant Calley (opened fire at Mai Lai Massacre)
2. Wirz (mistreatment of POWS at Andersonville during Civil War) 3. Abu Ghraib (Iraq photos of torture) |
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What type of photographs were taken during early landscape photography?
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wet collodion
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What influenced early landscape photography?
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1. Illustrated magazines
2. Systematic journeys for exploration 3. Colonial expansion and economics 4. Potential tourism spots |
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What did early western explorers encounter?
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1. Diverstiy
2. Social Misgivings 3. Economic Risks 4. Power Struggles |
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Photographers went on what trips to the Mediterranean.
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Grand Tours
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Who are sponsoring tours and surveys for photographers in the 1860s?
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government, corporations, military
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Who took photos to illustrate the Bible?
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Louis McLer (sp?)
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Who photographed pre-Columbian ruins and historic places where Cortes was?
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??
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What year did kodak start mass producing dry plates?
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1879
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In 1871 Richard Leech Maddox discovered what?
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Discovered silver bromide can be suspended in gelatin- you could coat glass plates, take photo, and store until ready to process with this discovery.
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What year did the Leica come out of Germany
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1925
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What was the Spanish Civil War considered?
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Staging ground for WWII
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Why do early war photographs look very staged.
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The camera equipment was to large to haul to the front lines.
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Who was the only war photographer to get paid by the U.S. Government to take photos?
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Andrew Russell
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What position was added to the U.S. Army in 1838 to survey the land for the advancement of civilization.
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topographical engineers
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What four ideas were prominent after the civil war?
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transcendentalism, unspoiled nature, freedom, and democracy
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What were the motivations during the exploration of the American West?
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economic, political, scientific, spiritual
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What were the two "types" of west in America?
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the west of the native americans and the west of natural resources
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Name the four Great Surveys in the late 1800s.
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King Survey, Wheeler Survey, Hayden Survey, Powell Expeditions
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Which two great surveys were sponsored by the war department?
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Wheeler and King
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Which two great surveys were sponsored by the department of the interior?
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Hayden and Powell
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What two types of people went along on the great surveys and expeditions?
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scientists and photographers
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Which survey/expedition was for the 49th Parallel?
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King Survey
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Which photographers worked for the Union Pacific Railway?
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Alexander Gardener and Andrew Russell
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Who was the official photographer for the King Expedition (49th Parallel)?
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Timothy O'Sullivan
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What purpose did photographers on expeditions see themselves as having?
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they were storytellers and photographers for science
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Landscape photographers using collodion plates would do what to get detail in the sky?
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Use separate photographs of the sky and land and put them together.
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What did the Wheeler Survey look at?
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The 100th Meridian
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Who photographed Yosemite with a romantic view, showing the force of civilization moving west without showing the damage it was doing?
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Carl Watkins
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What photographer photographed Yosemite and got hurt in a stagecoach accident and was later deemed insane?
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Eadward Muyburidge
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Whose photos helped sway Congress to designate the first national park in 1872?
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William Henry Jackson
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William Henry Jackson joined what governmental survey?
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Ferdinand Hayden
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Who saw nature as infused with spiritual intelligence and showed this in his images (photographed at Yosemite)?
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William Henry Jackson
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Why was early landscape photography profitable?
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There was a huge middle class audience who couldn't travel to these sites who bought these stereoviews
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In the late 19th century, what did the landscape photos in Europe show?
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foreign lands, some rural British Isles, rural Europe, a need to dominate and assert human superiority over nature and natives; colonization
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in the late 19th century, what did the landscape photos of the frontier in America show?
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colonization, frontier as symbol of democracy, freedom, nationhood and independence, a need for a sense of space, nature as a healthy alternative to an unhealthy urban life, resistance to oncoming industrial revolution, garden, between wilderness and ordering it, economic resource, embodiment of spiritual yearnings
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What did the scientists on the surveys/expeditions of the 19th century believe?
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catastrophisism, is resistance to Darwinism; more like creationism
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What was absent from most early 20th century landscape photography?
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human presence; it was an idealized rural view, and having these photos gave people a sense of control
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What landscape photographer of the early 1900s, who lived in Britain, usually showed human presence in his photos?
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Peter Henry Emerson
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Who was the first photographer to make the cover of Time Magazine?
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Ansel Adams
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What landscape photographer used dry-plate sheet film and often showed a sense of weather and atmosphere in his photos?
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Ansel Adams
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What photographer kept a diary book called Day Books and showed abstract landscape views?
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Edward Weston
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Name three landscape photographers.
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Edward Weston, Wynn Bullock, Eliot Porter
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Whose color photos made up the book "In Wilderness is the Preservation of the World"?
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Eliot Porter, showed the rejuvenation of the land
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What landscape photographer was schooled in eastern mysticism and showed his images in a certain sequence?
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Minor White
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Landscape photography moved from showing pure landscapes to what?
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showing how it wasn't beautiful and showing human presence
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What was the title of the show in 1975 that shunned the traditional sense of beauty and rejected modernism?
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New Topographics: “Photographs of A Man Altered Landscape”
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Name three photographers who were part of the New Topographics (there are eight total).
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Robert Adams, Hilla Becher, Stephen Shore
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What did the Rephotographic Society do?
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Went back to the spots where early landscape photographers went and photographed the same spot and tried to do it during the same season and time of day.
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Who put ribbons on trees to remind the viewer that nature is 3d, not 2d like we are used to seeing in photos?
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John Pfhal
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Who photographed landscapes like they were Dutch paintings of the 15th and 16th centuries?
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John Pfhal
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What modern photographer uses antique processes?
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Robert Park Harrison
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Who announced to the French Academy that Niecpe and Daguerre discovered photography and in what year?
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Arago 1839
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Who got credit for having first discovered photography?
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Daguerre
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Describe the camera obscura.
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light rays coming off an illuminated object go through a pinhole in a dark enclosure and makes an image on the wall
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What does camera obscura mean in Latin?
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dark room
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Who first wrote about the camera obscura (used it)?
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Mo-Ti
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What buildings used the camera obscura in the 16th century ?
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churches
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What writer wrote about a sticky substance being painted on a piece of paper before photography was invented?
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Tiffany Delacroix
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Who invented the camera lucida and what was it used for?
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Wallosden, used to trace images
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Who accidently discovered the light sensitivity of sliver salts in 1725?
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Schulze
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Who discovered the light sensitivity of silver chloride in 1777?
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Carl Scheele
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Who was in Brazil and wrote about how to fix an image, but his journals were lost?
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Hercules Florence
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The first success of fixing an image was attributed to who?
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Niepce
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Who discovered the heliograph?
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Niepce
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What year did William Henry Fox Talbot publish the first book with photographs?
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1844
It was called "The Pencil of Nature" |
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When was photography introduced to the world?
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January 7, 1839
by Daguerre but controversy b/c many others were also working on similar inventions. |
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What drawing aid had the most direct effect on of photography?
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Camera Obscura
(a dark room which, over time, became smaller and portable) |
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What did British scientist William Hyde Wollaston patent in 1806?
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Camera Lucida
(more transportable and lightweight aid to drawing, lightroom) |
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What is Lithography?
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a technique for reproducing images. Uses drawings on a flat surface, usually a smooth stone.
(Ancient Greek: Lithos) |
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Who did Daguerre exchange notes with, using a contract, in his early stages of the camera obscura?
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Niepce (died in 1833)
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Why did Bayard create "Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man" in 1840?
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He created a comic yet critical response to his nation's neglect of his work, Direct Positive Prints on July 14, 1839.
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Why was Lithography beneficial?
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In its time, had several advantages in communicating information. Made mass amounts of prints, could render tones and shadows more subtly than etching and engraving.
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What dominant hues are created when producing a cyanotype?
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Deep Prussian Blue and White
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What was the most important tool for early social reformers?
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Photography
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What did early social reform photography depict?
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Bad living conditions, poor, immigrants, tenements, people who moved from rural to urban
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Who used busen batteries to photograph in the sewers of Paris?
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Nadar
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What exposition did Charles Dudley Arnold photograph for?
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Columbia Exposition (Pan-American)
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What did people of the Victorian age believe of the poor?
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they were lazy and sinners
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The poor condition of people living in slums in the Victorian age was seen as a result of what?
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bad behavior; it was their own fault
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What is Spenceroism?
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Don't tamper with how things are, allow the laws of nature
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How did early shutters work?
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the photographer took the lens cap off and put it back on
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In what year was the in-camera shutter produced?
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1888
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What two important inventions made social photography possible?
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flash powder and the half-tone process
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Flash powder and the half-tone process made what type of photography possible?
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Social photography
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How did flash powder work?
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magnesium powder emits a cloud that you ignite and illuminates the subject
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What was flash powder called when it was originally invented?
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blitzichtpuder
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What was invented in 1925 in Germany that was important to indoor photography?
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flash bulbs
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What did the half-tone process allow?
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Photos to be printed in documents, which allowed the mass production of images
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What was used before the half-tone process to include images in publications?
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It was tipped in (placed in) or a wood-cut was used
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What type of photography shows images with social themes tied to a goal or outcome?
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Social Documentary photography
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What is the main focus of early social documentary photography?
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people and their living and working conditions, and that everyone deserved decent conditions
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Who used before and after images of destitute boys that came to his missionary/
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Dr. Bernardo
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Who exaggerated the truth in his before and after pictures of boys who came to his missionary?
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Dr. Bernardo
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What job did Jacob Riis get after being unemployed in America for 7 years?
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police reporter
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Jacob Riis did not call himself a photographer, but what did he see himself as?
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a reformer
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Did Jacob Riis use flash powder or were his indoor photographs lit naturally?
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flash powder
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Describe Jacob Riis photos
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they were chaotic, crooked, framed oddly, small aperture, chiaroscuro effect from flash
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Who's book is titled: "How the Other Half Lives"?
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Jacob Riis
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Name one reason why Riis' work effective?
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Teddy Roosevelt was influenced by his work
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Who was the forerunner of documentary photography?
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Jacob Riis
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Who photographed idealized situations at the Hampton Institute?
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Francis Benjamin Johnson
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Who taught at the Ethical Cultural School in NY?
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Lewis Hine
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What did Lewis Hine believe about immigrants?
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that people should have the same regard for the immigrants as they had for the pilgrims
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Name two things that Hine photographed for.
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Pittsburgh Survey & National Child Labor Committee
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What did Lewis Hine do to try to combat child labor?
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He disguised himself to get into factories, photographed the children, then made brochures
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Name two things Lewis Hine photographed.
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building of the Empire State Building and children in textile mills in the south
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Lewis Hine was not a photographer, but used photography as a tool. What was he actually?
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sociologist
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Why did the editors of Life Magazine initially reject Joe Rosenthal's picture of the raising of the Stars and Stripes ?
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They thought the picture was staged
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What type of print is Joe Rosethal's Marines Raising the American Flag on Iwo Jima in 1945?
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Gelatin silver print
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Who made the statement "if your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough?"
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Robert Capa (Ed Regan, Veteran of Omaha Beach D-Day Landing, 1944)
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Who created the image Migrant Mother and in what year?
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Dorothea Lange, 1936
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What was the name of the mom in Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange?
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Florence Thompson (32 yr old widow)
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What year did Roger Fenton create Valley of the shadow of Death?
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1855
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