Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Calcium levels?
|
9-10.5 mg/dl
|
|
|
IONIZED calcium serum levels?
|
4.5-5.6 mg/dl
|
|
|
what does calcium do?
|
• Found in equal amounts in ECF and ICF
• Major cation for bones and teeth: important for their development and maintenance • Found in cell membranes and maintains their shape, and is required for muscle contraction, necessary for the synaptic release of neurotransmitters for transition of nerve impulses, cardiac and skeletal muscle contractions are initiated by release of calcium, Ca++/Na+/K+/Mg++ help to maintain muscle tone • Aids in coagulation • Ca++ absorption requires a specific protein called calbindin. Absorption is greatest in the ileum, duodenum, and the proximal jejunum where the pH is more acidic and calbindin is present. Only 20-30% of Ca++ is absorbed. Ca++ requires vit. D for absorption through the intestines, reabsorption of Ca++ in the kidneys, and resorption of Ca++ through the bone. Ca++ competes with zinc, manganese, magnesium, copper, and iron for absorption. Ca++ is excreted in the feces, urine, and sweat. It is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyrocalcitonin (TCT), the blood pH, and vit. D. |
|
|
symptoms of calcium?
|
Hypo:
• Confusion, convulsions, insomnia • Paresthesias around the mouth and hands • Carpopedal spasm, tetany • Hyperreflexia • Brittle nails, osteoporosis, periodontal disease • Diarrhea • Positiove Chvostek and Trousseau signs • Cardiac arrhythmias Hyper: • N/V • Constipation • Confusion, weakness, lethargy • Polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration • Decreased deep tendon reflexes • Bone pain • Cardiac arrhythmias or arrest |
|
|
treatments of calcium?
|
Hypo:
• D/C meds known to lower Ca++ • Administer Ca++ • Treat low Mg++ level • Treat causes • Monitor heart monitor • Calcitriol/Vit. D. Hyper: • D/C Ca++ meds • Treat causes • IV NS with Lasix • Phosphates • Calcitonin • Meds for bone pain, N/V • Laxatives • Heart monitor |
|
|
phosphorus levels?
|
3-4.5
mg/dl |
|
|
what does phosphorus do?
|
• Note: phosphorous and calcium are generally opposite, high phosphorous, low Ca++
|
|
|
symptoms of phosphorus?
|
Hypo:
• Causes reduced oxygen transport by RBCs, hypoxia can occur, also bradycardia • Dysfunctions in WBCs and platelets causing increased risk of infection and bleeding. • Affects nerve and muscle function • Bone resorption occurs, which may lead to rickets or osteomalacia Hyper: • Symptoms are generally those of hypocalcemia |
|
|
treatments of phosphorus
|
Hypo:
• Treat underlying cause. • A low phosphorous level is generally not life threatening, but administration of phosphate salts can be. Hyper: • Correct underlying cause • Dialysis, if renal failure is present • Give Aluminum hydroxide-binds to phosphate in the GI tract and eliminates it |
|
|
magnesium levels?
|
1.3-2.1
mEq/L |
|
|
what does magnesium do?
|
• A major ICF cation
• 40-60% of the body’s magnesium is stored in the bone, with the remainder in the soft tissues and muscle cells. • Aids in protein synthesis, necessary for the formation and function of healthy bones • Important in nerve impulse transmission • Regulated by the kidney, and low levels cause the kidneys to conserve |
|
|
symptoms of magnesium>
|
Hypo:
• Neuromuscular irritability, twitching, nystagmus, tremors, cramping, tetany • Disorientation • Depression • Hyperreflexia • Swallowing difficulties, N/V • Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau signs • Monitor for cardiac arrhythmias Hyper: • Increased perspiration • Muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes • Nausea, vomiting • Hypotension • Cardiac arrhythmias • Respiratory compromise |
|
|
treatments of magnesium?
|
Hypo:
• Give PO or IV MG++ Hyper: • Monitor cardiac and respiratory staus, I/O, neuro status, labs • Give IV fluids, diuretics, calcium gluconate |
