Phonotics And Phonology

Front 1

Phonetics

Back 1

The study of how sound is generated, transmitted and received.

Front 2

Phonology

Back 2

The study of the classes of phonetically similar phones (phonemes) which carry meaning in a language.

Front 3

Articulatory

Back 3

Production

Front 4

Acoustic

Back 4

Transmission

Front 5

Auditory

Back 5

Reception

Front 6

Articulators

Back 6

Speech organs in the Vocal Tract

Front 7

Ingressive airstream

Back 7

Breathing in and creating sound

Front 8

Egressive airstream

Back 8

Breathing out and making sounds (English, Latin, Greek)

Front 9

Pulmonic

Back 9

The pressure is generated by the lungs.

Front 10

Stops/Plosives - how is sound created

Back 10

Velum rises and blocks air to nasal cavity, air pressure builds up, a small explosion of sound occurs, sound produced.

Front 11

6 Stops/Plosives

Back 11

Bilabial [p] - lip on lip
Dental [t'] - tongue on teeth - french T
Alveolar [t] - tongue on alveolar ridge - english T
Uvula [q] - tongue on uvula
Velar [k] - tongue on velum (soft palate)
Palatal [c] - tongue on hard palate

Front 12

IPA

Back 12

International Phonetic Alphabet

Front 13

Active Articulator

Back 13

The vocal organ which moves to create sound

Front 14

Passive Articulator

Back 14

Vocal organ which doesn't move but is touched to create sound.

Front 15

Contoid

Back 15

Consonant - air stream blocked completely

Front 16

Vocoid

Back 16

Vowel - airstream partially blocked/ unblocked

Front 17

Phone

Back 17

A sound.

Front 18

Writing

Back 18

A way of recording speech

Front 19

Glottis

Back 19

The triangular space between the vocal folds in the Larynx (adam's apple)

Front 20

Glottal Stop

Back 20

When there is no gap between the vocal folds in the larynx. Eg. Butter (with cockney accent) Butta

Front 21

Voiceless Phonation

Back 21

When there is a large gap between the vocal folds, air flows smoothly and silently through. Vocal folds don't vibrate.

Front 22

Voicing

Back 22

When there is a narrow gap between vocal folds, air passing through causes them to vibrate.

Front 23

6 Voiced Stops:

Back 23

Voiced bilabial stop - [b]
Voiced alveolar stop - [d]
Voiced dental stop - [d']
Voiced palatal stop - [upside down f]
Voiced velar stop - [g]
Voiced uvular stop - [G]

Front 24

Turbulent Flow

Back 24

When air flows quickly through the glottis, a hissing sound is created.

Front 25

Voiceless Glottal Fricative

Back 25

= Aspirate [h]

Front 26

Aspirated Voiceless Stops

Back 26

Stops that are unvoiced but aspirated:
[p, t', t, c, k, q to the power of h]

Front 27

Aspirated Voiced Stops

Back 27

stops that are voiced and aspirated [b to the power of h]

Front 28

Labialisation, eg?

Back 28

Using the lips to create a rounded sounds. Eg = labio-velar stops [k, g to the power of w/u']

Front 29

Nasalisation e.g. x3?

Back 29

When the velum doesn't close off the nasal cavity and air escapes, a nasal sound is created by resonance in the nasal cavity.
eg. dental/alveolar nasal stop [n]
labial nasal stop [m]
velar nasal stop [ng] (n with elongated side)

Front 30

Fricatives, eg. x3

Back 30

When the articulators are brought as close together as possible, creates hissy noises. Can be voiced.
eg. velar [x] (Bach/loch)
labiodental fricative [f]/[v]
dental fricative [θ]

Front 31

Grooved Fricatives/ Sibilants

Back 31

Grooving of the tongue on a fricative.
e.g dental grooved fricative [s]/[z]
palatal grooved fricative

Front 32

Affricatives

Back 32

Half stop, half fricative. eg. dental affricatives [tz] [dz]
alveolar affricatives

Front 33

Liquids

Back 33

'r' and 'l' - auditory not articulatory
Voiced alveolar liquid [r] (rolled r)
Voiced alveolar approximation [upside down r] (english r)
Voiced alveolar tap [upside down J] eg. city (american)
Voiced lateral approximant - tip of tongue touches alveolar ridge and air flows past on either side e.g. lull
Velarised voiced lateral approximant - same as above but tongue touches h/s palate eg. pull

Front 34

Semi-Vowels

Back 34

'y' and 'w'
Act like vowels and are produced like them.

Front 35

Vowels

Back 35

Unblocked airstream
Voiced (usually)
altering the size and shape of tongue affects the sound.
i at front (tongue high), a at back (tongue low)
Vowel quadrilateral
Can be long/short (quality)
Can be nasalised (french o)

Front 36

Dipthongs

Back 36

Combinations of vowels
Tongue starts in one position and moves continuously to another position.
ai = a raising dipthong (bite)
ai = a centring dipthong (hair)