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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What question it answers
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Summary of Item
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phonological rule
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a phonological generalization governing the occurence of the allophones is called a
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when does the phonemic principle say that two or more sounds are realizations of different phonemes?
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when a) they are in parallel (overlapping distribution) and b) they serve to signal a semantic contrast
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if a) they are in complementary distribution, and b) they are phonetically similar.
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when does the phonemic principle say that two or more sounds are realizations of the same phoneme
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minimal pairs
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pairs of words which differ with respoect to only one sound (and thus are semantically contrastive) are called
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realizations of a phoneme which are entirely predictable from context
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define allophones
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realization
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what do you call the relationship between phonemes and their associated phonetic segments?
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a mental category of what sounds 'count as the same thing'
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what is a phoneme?
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when the distribution of two sounds is mutually exclusive
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what is complementary distribution?
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the range of places within a word which a given sound may occur
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what is phonological distribution?
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the schwa replaced the [ɹ] in many words
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how did the schwa dipthongs develop in RP?
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what is a dipthong?
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a vowel whose quality changes within a syllable
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what does a comma stand for in vowel notation (such as [u:]?
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it makes a vowel into a long vowel
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what's the schwa?
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a vowel produced without lip rounding, and with the body of the tongue lying the in the most central part of the vowel space, between high-mid and low-mid, and between back and front.
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what are the features for [ɔ]?
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low-mid back rounded vowel
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what are the features for [u]?
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high back rounded
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what is the position of [a], and where is it on the chart?
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bottom left of the vowel space; unroundeded low front
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what is the vowel at the opposite end of the vowel space from [i]?
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cardinal vowel no5, or the low back unrounded vowel [(round a]
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what are the features of cardinal vowel no. 1, [i]?
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high front unrounded
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what are the three axes of vowel articulation?
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high/low, front/back, unrounded/rounded
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what are some primary assumptions about the nature of vowels?
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they are all voiced, articulared with open articulation, and oral (e.g. the velum is raised)
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what's the principle of ease of articulation?
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speakers will work to articulate in the place as surrounding sounds
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must all nasal stops be voiced? unvoiced?
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while they need not technically be voiced, all english nasals are voiced
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define an affricate
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sounds procuded with a constriction of complete closures followed by a release phase in which friction occurs.
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what do we mean with terms like velarization and palatalization?
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It means that while the term has a primary articulation, (such as a lateral) its secondary point of is velar or palatal
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what's the difference between a tap and a trill?
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a trill is a series of taps against the alveolar ridge
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name some english approximants
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[j] in yes, [upsidedown r] in rip, rat; the sound [w] in wet,
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what's the different between stops and plosives?
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sounds which are produced with complete closure are referred to as stops (and if their energy comes from the lungs, then they're plosives)
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what are the three prongs of sounding?
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manner of articulation, points of articulation, and voicing
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name the eight places of articulation
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glottal, bilabial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar
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define velar sounds
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constructio nbetween the back of the tongue and the velum
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define palatal
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constrictio nbetween the front of the tongue and the hard palate
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define palato-alveolar
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constriction between the blade of the tongue and the palato-alveolar region
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