Phonological Processes

Front 1

with vowelization/vocalization what are replaced by vowels?

Back 1

syllabic liquids, nasals, and stops

Front 2

What are is the process of vowelization/vocalization common and when should it be abandoned?

Back 2

It is common at 1 yr, should be abandoned by age 3-4

Front 3

Velar Assimilation- what is it?

Back 3

alveolar consonant changes to become more like a velar consonant

Front 4

Most velar assimilations are what?

Back 4

non-contiguous and regressive

Front 5

Fronting- what is it? What about with regard to manner?

Back 5

velar or palatal replaced by a anterior consonant, manner stays the same.

Front 6

depalatalization could be considered a type of what?

Back 6

fronting

Front 7

Final consonant devoicing- when does it occur?

Back 7

it is abandoned very early, by age 2

Front 8

What is final consonant devoicing?

Back 8

Devoice a voiced obstruent, occurs at end of syllable, follows vowel

Front 9

obstruent

Back 9

stop, fricative, or affricate

Front 10

Prevocalic voicing- when is it common and abandoned?

Back 10

it is very frequent in children under 3, usually abandoned after this

Front 11

what is prevocalic voicing?

Back 11

voiceless obstruent changed to a voiced obstruent when preceding a vowel in the same syllable

Front 12

Cluster Reduction

Back 12

can be total or partial- delete part or all of consonant cluster. There has to be more than one consonant sound present in the cluster for this to occur- can't be a consonant and a vowel sound

Front 13

in cluser reduction what sound is deleted?

Back 13

the sound that is marked

Front 14

when does cluster reduction dissapear?

Back 14

usually by age 4

Front 15

Gliding- what is it? When is it common?

Back 15

replace liquids with glides.
"w for r substitution". Common in children with phonological impairment and between ages 3-3.5

Front 16

Stopping

Back 16

primarily replacement of fricatives and affricates by a stop

Front 17

When does stopping occur most frequently?

Back 17

It is normal and frequently occuring between ages 1-5, MLU 1-4.99

Front 18

Deaffrication

Back 18

substitution of a fricative or a stop for an affricate

Front 19

Weak/Unstressed Syllable Deletion

Back 19

Delete weak syllable, may be more than one syllable for multisyllabic word. Remember- not necessarily cluster reduction also, many are not, because don't have two consonant sounds

Front 20

When should weak syllable deletion dissapear?

Back 20

by age 4

Front 21

Prosthesis

Back 21

Adding a segment, often a schwa- at the beginning of the word

Front 22

Epenthesis

Back 22

Adding a segment, anywhere but the beginning of the word

Front 23

metathesis

Back 23

reversing the order of the segments, often results in pronunciation error

Front 24

apocope

Back 24

loss of segment at end of word. It can be a vowel OR a consonant- opposed to final consonant deletion which is only a consonant. So all FCD are apocope, but not all apocope are final consonant deletion

Front 25

Syncope

Back 25

loss of a segment (syllable deleted) anywhere except the end of the word

Front 26

deletion of final consonant

Back 26

drop final consonant or entire consonant cluster. Word ends up with vowel ending.

Front 27

when does deletion of final consonant occur/go away?

Back 27

It is normal/universal in all children. It is common between ages 1;6-3. Rarely occurs beyond age 3.

Front 28

palatalization- what is it and in what context does it occur (usually)?

Back 28

non palatal sound becomes palatal. Usually when followed by a glide or a front or mid vowel. So sip would be come ship.

Front 29

backing

Back 29

alveolar becomes velar when near or adjacent to a back vowel. Back vowel "pulls" alveolar back. It is a type of velar assimilation but not all VeAs is backing.

Front 30

Labialization

Back 30

Different from labial assimilation. It is a substitution not assimilatory process. Alveolar or interdental is replaced by a labial

Front 31

Nasal Assimilation

Back 31

non nasal becomes nasal in the presence of one

Front 32

What is an assimilatory process?

Back 32

when a sound in a word becomes similiar or influenced by another word.

Front 33

Labial Assimilation

Back 33

non labial consonant becomes labial consonant in the presence of one. Non-contiguous. Default to most unmarket sound.

Front 34

Depalatalization

Back 34

palatal become unpalatized. Some thing as palatal fronting.

Front 35

Stridency deletion

Back 35

variant of stopping;very common. Strident is deleted or replaced by a non-strident.

Front 36

Affrication

Back 36

non affricate becomes an affricate. Substitution process

Front 37

reduplication

Back 37

repeating syllable, makes that word multisyllabic. Water would become wawa. There can be total or partial redup.

Front 38

at what age does reduplication occur?

Back 38

it is very common when children are acquiring their first 50 words. Between ages 1;6-2;4, and then again around age three when children acquire more complex words.

Front 39

non-assimilatory processes- name and describe

Back 39

They are related to syllable structure. occur frequently enough to be unmarked. Are not dependent on sound influence. They are apocope, syncope, prosthesis, epenthesis, metathesis

Front 40

list the substitution processes

Back 40

stopping, stridency deletion, deaffrication, affrication, fronting, palatalization, depalatalization, gliding, vowelization, labialization

Front 41

syllable structure/whole word processes- list them

Back 41

deletion of final consonants, cluster reduction, weak/unstressed syllable deletion, reduplication

Front 42

assimilatory processes-list them

Back 42

velar, labial and nasal assimilation, prevocalic voicing, final consonant devoicing, backing