Phonological Disorders

Front 1

What are the three stages of phonological development?

Back 1

1. pre-speech
2. transition to speech
3. transition to phonology

Front 2

When does the pre-speech stage occur?

Back 2

birth to 1 year

Front 3

What are the infant's vocal tract characteristics in the pre-speech stage?

Back 3

1. Large tongue
2. epiglottis high in throat
3. velum hangs down
4. epiglottis and velum in close proximity to one another to allow infant to breathe while eating.
5. nervous system structure and function still immature - full myelination has not yet occurred.

Front 4

What are the cognitive characteristics of the infant in the pre-speech stage?

Back 4

1. the infant does not yet have the cognitive capacity to fully understand language.
2. the infant has a lack of knowledge of the sounds of the language

Front 5

What are some factors that can influence an infant's phonological development?

Back 5

1. health issues such as cleft palate, hearing loss, or neurological disorders.
2. Poor social environment in which the infant has a lack of language exposure, does not receive reinforcement for producing sounds, and/or is encouraged to not produce sounds.

Front 6

What are Oller's stages of pre-speech development and approximately when do they occur?

Back 6

1. phonation stage: birth to 1 month
2. primitive articulation stage: 2 to 3 months
3. expansion stage: 4 to 6 months
4. Canonical stage: 6 months to around 9 or 10 months.
5. Integrative stage: 10 to 12 months

Front 7

What occurs during the phonation stage?

Back 7

The infant uses quasi-vowels and vegetative sounds

Front 8

What are quasi-vowels?

Back 8

Quasi-vowels are sounds made with the voice, usually closed lips, and a lot of nasal resonance. They are made in response to internal stimuli.

Front 9

What are vegetative sounds?

Back 9

Sounds like crying.

Front 10

What occurs during the primitive articulation stage?

Back 10

1. cooing and gooing
2. experimentation with tongue movements
3. phonation is more deliberate and sometimes is accompanied by eye contact.

Front 11

What occurs during the expansion stage?

Back 11

1. child moves from quasi-vowels to vowels.
2. there's been enough separation of the velum and the epiglottis that the infant can achieve full oral resonance
3. squealing
4. growling
5. yelling
6. whispering
7. marginal babbling
8. raspberries
9. the infant begins to imitate

Front 12

What is marginal babbling?

Back 12

Marginal babbling is sequences of closed versus open sounds approximating the timing of a syllable.

Front 13

What occurs during the canonical stage?

Back 13

1. sequences of closed phone, open phone syllables i.e. "bababa" - really just products of jaw oscillation
2. vocal tract still remodeling
3. myelination occuring
4. Broca's area developing
5. canonical babbling

Front 14

What occurs during the integrative stage?

Back 14

1. a lot more imitation
2. more influence of surrounding language seen
3. child produces more sounds related to the environment he is exposed to
4. some emergence of true speech
5. experimentation with vocal prosody

Front 15

When does the transition to speech stage occur?

Back 15

12 to 18 months

Front 16

What occurs during the transition to speech stage?

Back 16

1. protowords
2. true words
3. expansion into 50 word vocabulary
4. child processes speech as holistic unit

Front 17

What are protowords?

Back 17

precursors to true words - made up of the child's favorite sounds

Front 18

What happens when the child begins to use true words?

Back 18

1. the child uses sound patterns that are consistent and have consistent meaning.
2. the sound patterns resemble the adult form

Front 19

When does the transition to phonology stage occur?

Back 19

18 to 24 months

Front 20

What occurs during the transition to phonology stage?

Back 20

1. the child begins to shift to an analytical approach to sounds
2. begins to build his phonological inventory
3. is learning phonotactics
4. is learning how to combine sounds
5. the child attempts to produce adult forms
6. is learning allophones

Front 21

When the child attempts to produce adult forms of words, what typically happens?

Back 21

The adult form gets filtered through the child's current knowledge of phonemes and phonotactics and preferred sounds, resulting in phonological processes. As the child ages and learns more, he gradually suppresses the phonological processes.

Front 22

Discuss the relationship between articulation and phonology in normal speakers.

Back 22

Phonology is the sound system of a language. It involves the permissible phonemes, permissible selections and sequences of phonemes, permissible variations of phonemes, permissible phoneme pronunciation variations. Articulation is the actual movement of the vocal tract structures into different positions to make speech phones.