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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Velar Assimilation |
Occurs when a nonvelar phoneme is produced as a velar elsewhere in the word. Different from backing because it only occurs in context of assimilation. ex.) Cup /kʌk/ Gone /gɔŋ/ |
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Devoicing |
Involves devoicing of syllable-final voiced phoneme that occurs at the end of an utterance. ex.) Bad /bæt/ Ride /raɪt/ Hose /hoʊs/ |
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Voicing |
Prevocalic Voicing: voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant; occurs when the consonant precedes the nucleus of the syllable ex.) Pig /bɪg/ Cup /gʌp/ |
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Final Consonant Deletion |
This process reduces a syllable to a CV, an open syllable. ex.) Cat /kæ/ Bake /beɪ/ Nice /naɪ/ Dog /da/ |
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Fronting |
Substituting an alveolar consonant for a velar or palatal consonant. ex.) Cat /tæt/ Get /dɛt/ Wash /was/ Cookie /tʊtɪ/ |
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Stopping |
Substituting a glide /w/ or /j/ for a liquid /l/ or /r/. ex.) Red /wɛd/ Look /wʊk/ Green /gwin/ Like /jaɪk/ |
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Deaffrication |
Occurs when a child substitutes a fricative for an affricate. ex.) Chip /ʃɪp/ Matches /mæʃəz/ Juice /ʒus/ Ridge /rɪʒ/ |
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Labial Assimilation |
Occurs when a nonlabial phoneme is produced as a labial due to the presence of a labial elsewhere is the word. ex.) Book /bʊp/ Mad /mæb/ Cap /pæp/ Boat /boʊp/ |
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Alveolar Assimilation |
Occurs when a nonalveolar phoneme is produced as an alveolar due to the presence of an alveolar sound elsewhere in the word. ex.) Time /taɪn/ Neck /nɛt/ Shut /sʌt/ Bat /dæt/ |
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Alveolar Tap |
Consonant sound produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the articulation is thrown against another. ex.) Latter /læɾə'/
-when it sounds like both a /t/ and a /d/ |
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Fricatives Replace Stops |
ex.) Poopoo > foofoo Sit > sis Doll > zol |
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Stops Replace Glides |
ex.) Yes /jɛs/ > /dɛs/ Wait /wet/ > /bet/ |
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Initial Consonant Deletion |
Omission of a single consonant at the beginning of a word. ex.) Game /gem/ > /em/ Cat /kæt/ > /æt/ |
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Backing |
Replacing more front consonant by velars. ex.) Baby /bebɪ/ > /gegɪ/ Push /pʊʃ/ > /pʊk/ |
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Obstruents |
- Stop: complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream /p b t d k g ʔ/ - Fricative: partial obstruction of airstream causing turbulence /f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h/ - Affricate: stop with release into fricative /tʃ dʒ/ |
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Resonants |
- Nasal: airflow through nasal rather than oral cavity /n m ŋ/ - Liquids: includes laterals and rhotics /l r/ - Glides: vocalic segment functioning as a consonant /w j/ |
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Glottal Replacement |
Substituting a glottal stop for other consonants. ex.) Pick /pɪʔ/ Lip /ʔɪp/ |
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Assimilatory Process |
Involves an alteration in a phoneme production due to the phonetic environment. Involves: - Labial - Alveolar - Velar - Voicing assimilation |
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Vocalization |
The substitution of a vowel for a postvocalic /l/ or /r/. ex.) Tiger /taɪgʊ/ Turn /tɔn/ Third /θʊd/ Help /hɛʊp/ |
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Vowel Merger |
Vowels with separate places of articulation fuse into one place of articulation. ex.) /a/ and /ɔ/ both being produced as /a/ |
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Intonational Phrase |
Change in fundamental frequency that spans length of a meaningful utterance (in a word, sentence, phrase). - One intonational phrase: I think so. - Two intonational phrases: You took my umbrella, didn't you? - Three intonational phrases: The boys, who ate the candy, got sick. |
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Intonation |
Pitch over phrase or sentence. -Tonic accent typically is the last stressed syllable in a sentence. - Intonation is a tune associated with a text or a carrier. |
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Vowel Reduction |
Full form of a vowel produced with less weight. (i.e. from strong to weak form) ex.) Tomorrow /tumaroʊ/ > /təmɒroʊ/ Decide /disaɪd/ > /dəsaɪd/ A Dog /eɪ dɔg/ > /ədɔg/ I can go / aɪkæŋgoʊ/ > /aɪkəŋgoʊ/ |
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Metathesis |
Transposition of a phoneme. -Can occur as a result of: - slip of the tongue - Personal speaking style or dialect ex.) Ask /æsk/ > /æks/ Spaghetti /spəgɛtɪ/ > /pəsgɛtɪ/ |
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Epenthesis |
Addition of a phoneme. ex.) Tower /taʊwə'/ My Own /maɪjoʊn/ Hamster /hæmpstə'/ Elbow /ɛləbo/ Chimney /tʃɪmənɪ/ |
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Elision |
Elimination or deletion of a phoneme. ex.) Utterance Transcription Deleted Phoneme Sounds /saʊns/ /d/ What's his name? /wətsəzneɪm/ /h/ Give me that! /gɪmɪðæt/ /v/ Kept busy /kɛpbɪzɪ/ /t/ |
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Regressive Assimilation |
Changed phoneme precedes conditioning phoneme. - Right-to-left assimilation ex.) Tin can /tɪn kæn/ > /tɪŋkæn/ Could you /kʊd ju/ > /kʊdʒu/ |
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Progressive Assimilation |
Changed phoneme follow conditioning phoneme. - Left-to-right assimilation ex.) Looked /lʊkd/ > /lʊkt/ Time /taɪm/ > /taɪn/ |
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Assimilation |
An affected phoneme takes on phonetic features of a neighboring phoneme. ex.) That guy. /ðæt gaɪ/ > /ðækgaɪ/ |
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Phonological Processes |
Simplifications of adult form of speech patterns. - 3 General Categories: - syllable structure processes - Substitution processes - Assimilatory processes |
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Cluster Reduction |
Results in deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster or blend. ex.) Snow /noʊ/ Play /peɪ/ Stripe /staɪp/ Help /hɛp/ |
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Reduplication |
Involves the repetition of a syllable. ex.) Daddy /dædæ/ Kitty /kiki/ Baby /bibi/ |
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Weak Syllable Deletion |
The omission of an unstressed (weak) syllable. ex.) Telephone /tɛfon/ Banana /nænə/ Tomato /mədoʊ/ Elephant /ɛfənt/ |
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Internal Juncture |
Connect words in the same intonational phrase because the transition between syllables can become blurred. ex.) /aɪskrim/ can mean: /aɪskrim/= ice cream or /aɪ+skrim/= I scream closed internal juncture open internal juncture |
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Rising Intonational Phrases |
Typically yes/no questions and incomplete thoughts. ex.) Really? Why did you go? Are you coming? When I got to work... My favorite colors are red, blue, and... |
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Falling Intonational Phrases |
Accompany completed statements and commands and are indicative of finality of utterance. ex.) I guess. (unemotional statement) The boys went home. (declaritive statement) |
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Prosody |
Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech: - stress, timing rhythm, tempo |
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Stress |
Relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence. - increased loudness (dB) - vowel length - full articulation of vowel - changes in pitch |
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Pauses |
What can a pause mean? - speaker is taking a breath - speaker is hesitating ("um...ah...") - can alert listener to speaker's intent |
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Chain Shift |
The place of articulation of one vowel causes the surrounding vowels in the quadrilateral to likewise shift in production. |
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Idiolect |
A speech pattern unique to speaker; characteristic of his/her own personality. |
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Ethnolect |
Associated with a particular ethnic group. |
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Sociolect |
Associated with a particular social class. |
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Citation Form |
Words are pronounced clearly as single, isolated items. - The words are transcribed and presented as isolated items. |
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Connected Speech |
An utterance that is formed by joining two or more words together. ex.) I caught him. Citation Form: /aɪ kɔt hɪm/ Connected Speech: /aɪkɔthəm/ |
