Phonetics Exam 2

Front 1

consonants form

Back 1

the margin (not the nucleus-vowels form the nucleus)

Front 2

vowels as nucleus

Back 2

vowels form the core/nucleus so that consonants can be read.
-only the consonants can serve the nucleus

Front 3

so what are consonants called?

Back 3

they are called syllabics

Front 4

what are syllabics?

Back 4

either forms syllable on its own or is the nucleus of the syllable

Front 5

categorical perception

Back 5

sharply bound
-consonants are categorical

Front 6

what does this categorical perception means for consonants?

Back 6

they are easier to transcribe and are remediate

Front 7

continuous perception

Back 7

no distinct boundaries between one vowel type and another
-vowels are continuous

Front 8

what does continuous perception mean for vowels?

Back 8

harder to transcribe and correct/ remediate

Front 9

which develops first?

Back 9

vowels
-consonants are later to develop than vowels

Front 10

how many consonants in IPA?

Back 10

24

Front 11

parameters are

Back 11

1.) place of articulation- where they are
2.)manner-how they are made
3.)voicing-are the vocal folds vibrating or not

Front 12

place

Back 12

>bilabial
>labiodental
>interdental
>velar
>alveolar
>palatal
>glottal

Front 13

bilabial

Back 13

made with both lips
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/

Front 14

labiodental

Back 14

lip and tooth invloved specifically lower lip and upper teeth.
/f/ /v/

Front 15

interdental

Back 15

tongue tip (or blade) between teeth

/theta/ and / the eth/

Front 16

velar

Back 16

back of the tongue touches velum
/k/ /g/ /the eng/

Front 17

alverolar

Back 17

tongue tip or blade touches alveolar ridge

/t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /r/

Front 18

palatal

Back 18

body of tongue touches the palate
/j/

Front 19

glottal

Back 19

... voiceless glottal stop

Front 20

manner

Back 20

>stops/plosives
>nasals
>fricative
>affricate
>glides or semivowels
>liquids

Front 21

stops/plosives

Back 21

complete obstruction of air
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /glottal stop/

Front 22

nasals

Back 22

stop the oral cavity because the velum is down and the nasal cavity is opened
/m/ /n/ /the eng/

Front 23

fricatives

Back 23

close off two articulators so airstream partially obstructed and turbulent airflow.

Front 24

affricate

Back 24

combination of stops and fricatives
ts de

Front 25

glides or semi vowels

Back 25

approximates-come close to each other but not so much that they create friction

Front 26

liquids

Back 26

obstruction of the ridge and air flows down.

Front 27

glides/semi vowels, and liquids are what?

Back 27

approximates

Front 28

voicing

Back 28

>voiced
>voiceless

Front 29

voiced

Back 29

>most frequent voicing charcteristic in english
>all glides, liquids, and nasals are typically voiced

Front 30

/h/

Back 30

>voiceless glotal fricative
>2 forms
one is w followed by h examples: which is different than witch

Front 31

glottal stop (backwards question mark)

Back 31

>used in many dialects
>an example is the word kitten
>not phonemic in american english
>in Britain they do not produce /t/ this is something characteristic of children with speech disorders in the U.S.

Front 32

/r/ or /upside down r/-roll tongue one

Back 32

>most languages use trilled r
>in english it is upside down r instead

Front 33

two variations of the american r?

Back 33

>tap
>flap

Front 34

tap

Back 34

the tip of the tongue reaches the alveolar then comes down
ex: latter sounds like ladder

Front 35

flap

Back 35

retroflex tip of the tongue (the tongue tip is curled back)

Front 36

obstruents

Back 36

vocal tract relatively closed
what are obstruents? stops, fricatives, and affricates

Front 37

sonorants

Back 37

vocal tract is relatively open
what are examples sonorants?vowels, glides, nasals, liquids

Front 38

stridents

Back 38

all fricatices and affricares except for interdental

Front 39

sibilants

Back 39

fricatives with high frequency components
/s/ /z/ /tall s/ /back e/

Front 40

homorganic

Back 40

share some place of articulation
example all alvelor consonants /s/ /z/ /t/....

Front 41

labialized fricatives

Back 41

fricatives produced with lip rounding.
why is this important?
not just flow through narrow opening, but also need to round the lips

Front 42

cogantes

Back 42

p and b are cognates and differ in voicing

Front 43

common errors

Back 43

>prevocalic "pig" say as big
>post vocalic "cab" say as cap

children change the cognates for stops!

Front 44

myths

Back 44

>voiced and voiceless distinguished by aspiration not voicing

Front 45

voice onset time (VOT)

Back 45

time interval between articulatory event(ex: release and stop) and onset of vocal fold vibration

Front 46

VOT

Back 46

can be negative (prevoicing or voicing lead)
0 (no voicing)
positive (voicing lag)

Front 47

voiced consonants

Back 47

have negative VOT values

Front 48

voiceless or weakly voiced consonants

Back 48

have 0 or positive VOT

Front 49

so whats the difference between voiced and voiceless?

Back 49

in english voiceless stops are aspirated and voiced unaspirated in initial position of the words

Front 50

ends of words

Back 50

>voiceless stops are unapsirated at the ends of the words
>voiceless stops unaspirated in clusters ex: st, sp
voiceless and voiced stops essentially sound the same in these contexts
example: cub vs. cup

Front 51

what diacritic indicates a long sound

Back 51

:
so same example: ku:b vs kup

Front 52

what do we know about vowel length?

Back 52

the vowel before the voiced stop is longer

Front 53

why important?

Back 53

know how to go about our errors. we know we are not working on the voicing rather the aspiration.

Front 54

do other languages have true voiced stops?

Back 54

other languages have true voiced stops
example language: Hindi

Front 55

syllabic consonants

Back 55

typically only vowles function as syllabic nuclei.
>final unstressed nasals and laterals can also function

Front 56

coarticulation

Back 56

when producing a sound with another sound it changes character.

Front 57

anticipatory coarticulation

Back 57

key vs coo. we see that in coo the lips are round because of the anticipation of rounding.
-input really im because anticipation
-at this really produced as a dental

Front 58

perservative
(opposite anticipatory coarticulation)

Back 58

something before changes what happens next
ex bikes (es) vs. dogs (zs)

Front 59

why is coarticulation important?

Back 59

transcription.
if we hear a sound with another sound it will be transcribed differently
-important remember the extent of how different depends on closeness

Front 60

vowels

Back 60

>NO significant constriction of the vocal tract
>less frequency
>more intense
>more sonority
>relatively open sounds
>sagital midline of the vocal tract remains open
>voiced
>function as nuclei

Front 61

consonants

Back 61

>significant constriction of the vocal tract
>more freuqnecy
>less intense
>less sonority
>voiced or voiceless
>constriction occurs along sagital midline of the vocal tract
>only specific function as nuclei
>constricted sounds

Front 62

consonants carry

Back 62

intelligability