Phonetics- Chapter 2 Book

Front 1

graphemes

Back 1

printed letters

Front 2

allographs

Back 2

different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound

Front 3

diagraphs

Back 3

- when a pair of letters represent one sound
-may be the 2 letters (as in hoot, heed, tissue) or two completely different letters (as in shoe, steak, tried)

Front 4

only about ____% of the words in english have irregular spellings

Back 4

25

Front 5

morpheme

Back 5

is the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

Front 6

free morphemes

Back 6

-morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning (such as book, phlegm, music, press)

Front 7

bound morphemes

Back 7

because they are bound to toerh words, they carry no meaning when they stand alone (PREdate, REtreat,bookS,musicIAN,pressURE)

Front 8

non-pulmonic consonants, how are they produced?

Back 8

without the need for airflow from the lungs

Front 9

suprasegmentals

Back 9

-symbols used to indicate the stress,intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in a language

Front 10

phoneme

Back 10

-is a speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes, and is therefore capable of distinguishing meaning
- family of sounds (speech sounds are not always produced the same way in every word)

Front 11

minimal pairs/minimal contrasts

Back 11

words that vary by only one phoneme (ex: book, look)

Front 12

allophones

Back 12

-the front/light letter like "l"and the back/dark "l" are variant productions of a phoneme bc they sound different
-this does not change its meaning of a word

Front 13

complementary distribution

Back 13

-two allophones of a letter that are NOT interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word
-allophones that are found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced

Front 14

aspiration

Back 14

puff of air (like when you say the word "pit")

Front 15

free variation

Back 15

- for example the final "t" in the word "hit" may be released or unreleased depending on the speaker

Front 16

in connected speech, phonemes are NOT produced in a serial order...T/F?

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

articulators

Back 17

speech organs

Front 18

syllable

Back 18

-basic building block of language that may be composed of either one vowel alone, or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants

Front 19

it is possible to divide english syllables into two components ____ and____

Back 19

onset and rhyme

Front 20

onset of a syllable

Back 20

consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel

Front 21

the rhyme of a syllable is divided into two components, the ___ and the ____

Back 21

nucleus and the coda

Front 22

nucleus

Back 22

-is typically a vowel

Front 23

what is it called when consonants take on the role of the vowels?

Back 23

-syllabic consonants

Front 24

what is the coda?

Back 24

-includes either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable (ex: slipT, trieD, faST)
- in some instances, the coda may have no elements at all (me, shoe, oh, pry)

Front 25

open syllables

Back 25

-syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
ex: the, both syllables in "maybe"

Front 26

closed syllables

Back 26

syllables with a coda, that end with a consonant phoneme
ex: had, keg both syllables in "contain"

Front 27

word stress/lexical stress

Back 27

increased emphasis in the production of one syllable

Front 28

primary stress

Back 28

-one particular syllable that receives the greatest emphasis

Front 29

word class

Back 29

whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb etc.)

Front 30

systematic phonemic transcription (broad transcription/phonemic transcription)

Back 30

- transcription of speech, making no attempt at transcribing allophonic variation
- / / are used

Front 31

systematic narrow transcription (allophonic transcription)

Back 31

- relies on specialized symbols (diacritics) to sho modifications in the production of a vowel or
-consonant phoneme during transcription
- [ ] are used

Front 32

diacritics

Back 32

-specialized symbols to show modifications in production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription

Front 33

impressionistic transcription

Back 33

- where nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis (a foreign language)

Front 34

____ are always used when performing an impressionistic transcription

Back 34

-brakets []