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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are we comparing when we compare accents? |
Sound segements |
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What are sound segments? |
Any one discrete unit that occurs in a sequence of sounds |
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What are suprasegmental aspects of speech? |
Intonation Rhythm Voice quality |
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What is intonation? |
Systematic use of pitch patterns over utterances Pitch levels go up/down Intonation is systematic as pitch patterns convey meaning Pitch patterns are not innate, they are conventional and learnt |
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What is pitch? |
The psychological response to what we hear |
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What did John Wells say? |
Pitch possibilities Unidirectional Multidirectional |
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How is pitch measured? |
The fundamental frequency in cycles per second, or more commonly 'hertz' |
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What do we mean by tessitura? |
The pitch range of our voices
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What are the different ways of displaying pitch? |
Contour diagrams, Interlinear tonetic diagrams, diacritics |
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What are the four types of intonation? |
Accentual, attitudinal, grammatical, discoursal |
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Accentual intonation |
Emphasizes certain words for the benefit of the listener |
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Attitudinal |
Shows attitude/emotion |
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Grammatical |
Interrogative - for example |
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Discoursal |
Discourse boundary markers - but, however, simply |
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What is voice quality? |
The component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speakers' voice - some of the descriptions are harshness, breathy-ness and nasality |
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Individual speech quality |
Permanent features of someone's voice Long term settings maintained by vocal tract Organic - biological Non-organic - learnt |
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Long term settings |
Larynx Soft Palate Tounge Lips Jaw |
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What is Rhythm? |
Systematic patterning of sounds in terms of prominence, grouping and timing |
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Rhythm in music |
Rhythm in music is organised hierarchically. |
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Is Speech rhythmic? |
Yes - hierarchical organisation of the syllable Rhythmic foot Equal feet
No - isochrony - syllable timed and stress timed listeners might have a bias to hear isochrony and also smaller range of syllable structures |
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Speech rhythm is variable |
Between languages, between speakers, between genres, between languages |
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What is rhythm metrics? |
1990s Rhythm class not depend on isochrony - may relate to duriational variability |
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What did Peston say? |
Weak marking of groups/chunks of speech Dramatic changes in rate Exaggerated lengthening of syllables |
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What did Robinson say? |
Strong phonetic marking of groups/chunks of speech - coinciding with syntactic boundaries Stable rate Normal degree of word-final and phrase-final lengthening |
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Stress in Prose |
Stresses driven by the meaning. Mostly stress new information - the content of words
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Stress in verse |
the stresses are driven by the metre and the form, context words - old, blue, large are not prominent |
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Rhythm in retoric |
Lots of stress |
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Rhythm in conversation |
Turn taking Speaking in time with another Guiding attention |
