Phonetic Sound Articulation

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What is phonetics?

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Phonetics is the study of speech emphasizing the description of speech sounds according to their production, transmission and perceptual features.

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Phone

Back 2

A phone is any particular occurrence of a sound segment that is used by a speaker saying words, regardless of whether the target language uses them.

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Sound production

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To examine how sounds are actually articulated, the physical structures that are used and the oral movements.

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Transmission

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To include specific characteristics relative to the frequency, intensity and and duration of a specific sound.

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Perception

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How speech sounds are recognized and distinguished from one another

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Acoustic phonetics

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Examines the physical properties of speech sounds as they are moving through the air.

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Auditory or perceptual phonetics

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The study of how sound waves are identified and perceived by the listener.

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Pitch and loudness

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Terms used in auditory phonetics

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Frequency and intensity

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Terms used in acoustic phonetics

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Phoneme

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The smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such u it's, to establish word mean gs and distinguish between them.

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Minimal pairs

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Words that differ in only one phoneme value. Bee/beet

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Allophone

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Variations of the phoneme used by various speakers in differing contexts. The variation will not change the the meaning of the word.

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Free variation

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Indicates two allophones of one phoneme that could be exchanged for one another in similar contexts.

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Complementary distribution

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Indicates the mutually exclusive relationships between two phonetically similar segments

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Articulation disorder

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Refers to difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or an inability to produce certain speech sounds

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Glottis

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Space between the vocal folds

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.... Muscles surround the larynx and anchor it in it's position

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Extrinsic

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.....muscles are necessary for control during voice production.

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Intrinsic

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The two muscles that help to adduct?

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Lateral cricoarytenoid and the interarytenoid

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The only muscle that helps to abduct?

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Posterior cricoarytenoid

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The intrinsic muscles involved in elongating , thus tensing, the vocal folds?

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The cricothyroid- the pars rectangle and pars oblique portions

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Fundamental frequency

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Average amount of glottal openings per second

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Changes in vocal loudness can result from....

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Variations in sub glottal air pressure, which varies the amplitude of the vocal folds' vibratory cycle.

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Timbre

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The tonal quality that differentiates two sounds of the same pitch, loudness, and duration. A characteristic vocal quality

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Dorsum

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The body of the tongue

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Formant

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A vocal tract resonance

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Digraph

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Combination of two letters representing one sound. Th, ph, sh

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3 necessities must a phonetic transcription fulfill?

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Accuracy, documentation, and communication

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Cognates

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Pairs of similar sounds. P/b, t/d

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High vowels

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Have the highest degree of tongue elevation

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What are the three dimensions used to describe vowel articulation?

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1. The tongues position relative to the palate, high, mid, low . 2. The anterior/posterior dimensions of the tongue, front, central and back. 3. Degree of lip rounding, rounding, unrounded, spread, retracted

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Labial sounds

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P, b, m,f,v,w, wh

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Apical sounds

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S,z, th (thin), th ( the), r, l

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Coronal sounds

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T, d,n,sh, j (beige)

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Predorsal sounds

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S, (soup) z (zip)

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Mediodorsal sounds

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Y (yes) r(rose)

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Postdorsal sounds

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K (cat) g(go) ng(sing)

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Passive articulators

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Labial, dental, alveolar, pre, medio, and post palatal, velar, glottal

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Active articulators

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Labial, apical, coronal, predorsum, mediodorsum, postdorsum

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Tense vowels

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Indicates tension of tongue and entire articulatory mechanism in vowel production=meet, late, fool,coat

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Lax vowels

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Indicates lack of tension in tongue and articulatory mechanism=MIT,let,full,caught

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Open vowels

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Distance of the tongue from palate=MIT, let,full, caught

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Close vowels

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Meet, late, fool, coat

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Diphthong categorizatios

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Phonemic, nonphonemic, rising, falling

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Meet, mit

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High front unrounded spread vowes

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Hate, bet

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Mid front, unrounded spread vowels

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Allophonic variations of vowels

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Nadalization , monopthongization,dipthongization, reduction

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Fricatives

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Result when active and passive articulators approximate each other so closely that the air is forcesd with considerable pressure through the constriction that is formed.

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Slit friccative

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Has a wider and flatter channel shape. Wide and narrow fricative

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Sibilant fricatives

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Have greater acoustic energy, s, z sh and j

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Grooved channel fricative

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The channel of airflow is extremely narrow. S, z

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Fortis consonants

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Stop-plosives that have more intraoral pressure (aspirated)

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Lenis consonants

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Unasprated stop-plosives

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Affricate

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Chug, jug. The stop-plosive and and fricative are articulated in one movement and are phonemically considered one unit.

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Approximate

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A manner of articulation refers o those consonants in which the articulators approximate but are not as close as a fricative.

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Liquids

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L and r, also approximates

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Glides

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W and j, also approximates

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Continuants

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Those sounds in which the primary constriction does not block the airflow. Vows, fricatives, nasals, and approximates

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Semivowel approximate

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W and j

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Central approximate

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R

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Lateral approximant

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L