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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Non-blood Specimen Labeling and Handling
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-Should be labeled w/ same ID info, as blood specimens
-Labeling should include type and or source of specimen -Label should be applied to container, not lid, as lid is removed for testing Familiarity w/handling requirements is needed to protect integrity of specimen & ensure accurate test results -All body substances are potentially infectious -Standard precautions must be observed in handling them |
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Non-blood Body fluid Specimens (Urine)
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-Most frequently analyzed non-blood body fluid
-Readily available, easy to collect, & inexpensive to test |
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Urine analysis can aid in:
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-Its Providing info. on many of body's major metabolic functions
-Monitoring wellness -Diagnosis & treatment of urinary tract infections -Detection & monitoring of metabolic disease -Determining effectiveness or complications of therapy |
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(Caution key note) If urine specimens are not tested promptly
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Urine components change. For example cellular elements decompose, biliverdin, and bacteria multiply, leading to erroneous test results. Therefore urine specimens do need additional preservation.
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(Urine) Accurate results depend on:
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-Collection method
-Container used -Specimen transportation & handling -Timeliness of testing |
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(Urine) Roles in Collection:
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-Inpatient collection typically handled by nurses
-Outpatient collection often handled by Phlebotomists -Phlebotomists must explain procedure w/o embarrassing patient |
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(Common Urine Tests) Culture & Sensitivity
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-Ordered for patients w/symptoms of urinary tract infection
-Place measured portion of urine on special nutrient medium that encourages growth of microorganisms -Incubate for 18 to 24 hrs -Check it for growth -Identify any microorganisms that grow -If microorganism is identified, sensitivity test is performed to determine which antibiotics will be effective -Requires midstream clean-catch collection in sterile container |
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Urine glucose & ketone testing
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To screen for diabetes & monitor glucose & ketone levels in diabetics
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Urine pregnancy testing
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-Tests for HCG, a hormone appearing in urine after conception. HCG is the human chorionic gonadotropic hormone. Pregnancy can be detected 8-10 days of conception by detecting this hormone in Urine.
-First morning specimen is preferred due to higher concentration |
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24-Hour Urine Collection Procedure
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Is required for a creatine clearance, Morning is the best time to start.
1. Void into toilet as usual on waking 2. Note time & date on label, place on container begin timing 3. Collect all urine voided for next 24 hrs 4. Refrigerate specimen throughout collection period (if required) 5. Collect urine before anticipated bowel movement, not after. 6. Drink normal amount of fluid unless instructed otherwise 7. Void one last time at end of 24 hrs 8. Seal container, place in cooler, transport to lab ASAP |
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(Urine Collection Methods) Regular voided:
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Patient voids into clean container
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(Urine Collection Methods) Midstream:
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Patient voids into toilet first, then container
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(Urine Collection Methods) Midstream clean-catch:
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Requires special cleaning of genital area before collection
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(Urine Collection Methods) Catheterized:
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Collected from sterile catheter inserted through urethra into bladder
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(Urine Collection Methods) Suprapubic aspiration:
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Collected by inserting needle directly into bladder and & aspirating
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(Urine Collection Methods) Pediatric:
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Collected in plastic bag, for children not potty trained
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Amniotic Fluid
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-Clear fluid that fills membrane surrounding & cushioning fetus
-Collected after 15 weeks gestation -Obtained by physician in transabdominal amniocentesis -Needle is inserted into mother's abdominal wall into uterus -About 10 mL of fluid from amniotic sac is aspirated -Analyzed to detect genetic disorders & problems in fetal development -Must be collected in sterile container, protected from light, & delivered to lab ASAP |
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Cerbrospinal Fluid:
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Clear, Colorless liquid that surrounds brain & spinal cord.
Specimens are obtained by physician via lumbar puncture. -Used to diagnose: -Meningitis, brain abscess, CNS cancer, Multiple sclerosis. Routine Tests: Cell counts, chloride, glucose, & total protein. -Procedure for lumbar puncture: a needle is inserted between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae to collect fluid from the spinal cavity. |
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Gastric Fluid/Gastric Analysis
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-Examines stomach contents for abnormal substances
-Measures gastric acid concentration to evaluate production (Basal gastric analysis) (Phlebotomist only assists) -Tube is passed through mouth & throat (or nose and throat) into stomach after fasting. -Sample of gastric fluid is aspirated. -Sample is tested to determine acidity prior to stimulation. -Stimulant is administered by IV. -Several more samples are collected at time intervals. -The gastric stimulant that is administered by IV is a Histamine or pentagastrin. |
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Nasopharyngeal Secretions (NP culture swab)
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-From nasal cavity & pharynx
-Cultured to detect presence of microorganisms causing: Diphtheria, Meningitis, Pertussis (whooping cough), Pneumonia. -Collected using sterile Dacron or cotton tipped flexible wire swab. -Swab is inserted into nose and passed into nasopharynx. -It is rotated, removed, placed in sterile container, labeled, sent |
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Serous Fluid
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-Found between double layered membranes enclosing pleural, pericardial, & peritoneal cavities
-Allows membranes to slide past one another w/ minimal friction. -Can be aspirated for testing purposes by physician -Types of serous fluid should be indicated on label: Pleural fluid (lungs), Peritoneal fluid (abdominal cavity), Pericardial fluid (heart) -An accumulation of excess serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ascites fluid |
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Sputum:
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-Mucous or phlegm ejected from trachea, bronchi, & lungs.
-Collected for diagnosis or monitoring of lower respiratory tract infections (tuberculosis) -First morning specimens are preferred (larger volume). -Collect at least 1 hr after a meal to avoid gagging or vomiting. -Patient removes dentures & gargles w/water. -Patient takes 3 or 4 deep breaths & then coughs forcefully, expelling sputum into container. |
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Sweat:
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-Analyzed for chloride content in diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
Sweat chloride test: -Pilocarpine (sweat-stimulating drug) is transported into skin by electrical stimulation (iontophoresis) -Sweat is collected, weighed, & analyzed for chloride content. -Also used to detect illicit drug use; collected via skin patches. |
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Buccal (Cheek) Swabs:
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-Less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis
-Phlebotomist gently massages mouth on inside of cheek w/swab -DNA is extracted from cells on swab |
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Bone Marrow
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-Aspirated & examined to detect & identify blood diseases.
-Physician inserts large gauge needle into bone marrow in hip bone or sternum. -1.0 to 1.5 mL of specimen is aspirated using syringe. |
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(Breath Samples) C-urea breath test
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Used to detect H. pylori (bacteria that damages stomach lining)
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(Breath Samples)Hydrogen breath test
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-Helps identify problems w/digestion of lactose & fructose.
-Thought to be most accurate lactose tolerance test. -Also used to detect bacterial overgrowth in small intestine. |
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Feces (Stool):
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-Useful in evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders.
-Stool specimens can be: Evaluated for presence of intestinal parasites & their eggs. Checked for fat & urobilinogen content. Cultured to detect presence of pathogenic bacteria & viruses. tested for presence of occult blood using guaiac test. • Special containers with preservative are available for ova and parasite collection. Preserved specimens can usually be kept at room temperatureige. A refrigerated stool sample for ova and parasite collection is unsuitable. |
