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55 Cards in this Set
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Nosocomial Infection
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An infection which occurs 48 hours or more after being admitted into the hospital or up to 30 days after discharge.
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Community-Acquired Infection |
An infection picked up prior to admission. Does not count against infection control practices of healthcare facility. |
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Local Infection
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Type of infection restricted to one area of the body. |
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Systemic Infection
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Type of infection that effects the entire body. |
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Autogenous Infection |
Infection developed from patient's own flora (bacteria native to the body). |
ex: yeast infection |
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Communicable Disease Chain
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Series of factors linked to the transmission of contagious diseases from one host to another:
SOURCE- people, equipment, water PORTAL OF EXIT- excretions, secretions, droplets MEANS OF TRANSMISSION- direct, injested, fomites (droplets, vehicle & vectorborn, air) PORTAL OF ENTRY- mucus membrane, GI tract, respiratory tract, broken skin, conjunctivae SUSCEPTIBLE HOST- immunosuppressed, diabetic, burn patient, geriatric patient. |
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Standard Precautions |
-Treat all patients as if possibly infectious from blood and body fluid pathogens. -Contact with blood or body fluid has potential to cause infection. |
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Amniotic |
Body fluid found in the amniotic sac of a baby in the womb. |
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Peritoneal |
Body fluid found in the stomach. |
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Pericardial |
Body fluid surrounding the heart. |
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Synovial |
Body fluid surrounding the joints between bones. |
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Pleural |
Body fluid surrounding the lungs. |
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Edematous |
Body fluid formed at points of infection or injury in the skin. A patient who shows signs of swelling throughout his/her body is said to be this. |
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Seminal |
Body fluid of the semen which surrounds the sperm. |
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Cerebrospinal |
Fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. |
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Five Points of Standard Precautions |
-Wash hands (#1 protective measure) -Wear gloves -Wear protective covering -Wear mask and eye protection when appropriate -Use designated sharps container |
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Engineering Controls |
Physical and mechanical devices to reduce or eliminate potential for transfer of infectious diseases. Examples: Autoclave, Sharps containers, Transport bags, Self-sheathing needles and holders. |
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Work Practice Controls |
Steps an individual can take to reduce/eliminate potential for transfer of infectious diseases. Examples: Hand washing, Proper disposal of sharps, Avoiding eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics or lip balm in work areas, Storing food and drink separate from infectious materials |
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Disinfectant Solution
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Cleaning solution that properly removes traces of disease-spreading contaminants from work surfaces and instruments. Proper solutions to use include commercial disinfectants or 10 PERCENT fresh BLEACH solution. Solutions made with bleach must be dated and used within 24 hours unless using a self-mixing spray bottle.
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
Items worn by hospital staff when handling patients or objects that may spread disease: Masks, Goggles, Face Shields, Gowns, Gloves. |
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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) |
Information that must be on file to indicate hazards of chemicals used in laboratories. Most healthcare facilities have these as Internet-Accessible forms (not paper sheets). |
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Proper Disposal of Infectious Materials |
Incineration, Chemical treatment, Autoclave |
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Latex Allergy |
Growing concern in healthcare. Symptoms occur on average within 24-72 hours. Type IV- Irritant contact dermatitis resulting in skin irritation Type I- More serious. Immunological reaction up to anaphylactic shock. |
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Steps in Response to a Needlestick Injury |
1) Bleed it 2) Wash exposed area 3) Bandage site 4) Record patient's name & ID information 5) Report incident to supervisor 6) Fill out incident report |
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Tactics to Reduce Risk of Exposure |
-Engineering controls -Work practices -Housekeeping -Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination -Private Room -Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
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Employee Input
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Involvement of nonmanagerial, frontline employees in decisions for the use of needle safety devices.
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Disease-Specific Isolation
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Isolation based on the type of disease infecting the patient.
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Other Potentially Infectious Material (OPIM)
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Human body fluids, unfixed tissue or blood, and organs or other tissues from experimemtal animals infected with HIV or HBV.
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Sharps Container
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Specially labeled puncture-resistant containers for the disposal of sharp items such as needles, scalpels, and syringes.
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Transmission-Based Precautions
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Isolation precautions taken for patients diagnosed or suspected of a specific transmissible disease. The precautions are based on whether the disease is transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact.
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Universal Precautions
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A principle to protect health care associates from infections as a result to exposure to body fluids containing visible blood. A term now replaced by standard precautions.
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Direct Contact
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Physical transfer of infective material from the source to susceptible host.
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Indirect Contact
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Transfer of infective material via an object, such as bed linens.
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Droplet
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Liquid substances that travel 1 meter or less from the infected individual.
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Vehicle
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Transfer of infective material through contaminated items, such as food. In an accidental needlestick, the patient's blood and needle are two examples of this type of transmission.
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Airborne
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Droplets that transfer on air currents, such as tuberculosis.
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Vectorborn
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Transmission by insects, such as malaria transmitted by mosquitoes.
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Chemical Hazard
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Any element, chemical compound, or mixture of elements and/or compounds that causes physical or health hazards.
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Recordkeeping
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Maintaining of information and records of any job-related injuries.
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Standard Precautions
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Assumes that all blood and most body fluids are potentially infectious. A principle maintaining that PPE must be worn for contact with all body fluids whether blood is visible or not.
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Antiseptic
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Solutions safe to human skin that are applied on and around the withdrawal site of a patient prior to skin puncture. These include:
-70% isopropyl alcohol pads -Tincture of iodine/ providone-iodine -2% chlorhexidine gluconate+ Iso -Benzalkonium chloride -Zephrin chloride -Hydrogen peroxide |
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Strict Isolation
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Isolation for patients with a contagious disease such as chickenpox, diphtheria, or pneumonia.
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Contact Isolation
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Isolation for patients with a disease transmitted by direct contact such as scabies.
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Respiratory Isolation
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Isolation for patients with a disease transmitted through the air such as mumps, pertussis, or rubella. Masks must be worn by anyone who enters.
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Enteric Precautions
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Precautions for patients with severe diarrhea due to contagious bacteria such as salmonella, shigella, vibrio cholerae.
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Protective/Reverse Isolation
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Isolation that protects the patient from the health care worker. Someone with immunodeficiency may require isolation. HIV, Kemo, Lupus.
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Drainage/Secretion precautions
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Precautions used for patients with an open wound to protect against the spread of diseases such as MRSA and VRE.
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Human Blood Components
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plasma, platelets, serosanguineous fluids, immune globulins, albumin, and factors 8 and 9.
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Autoclave
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Instrument for sterilizing that uses steam under pressure.
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Biohazard
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Anything that is potentially harmful to humans, living organisms, or environment.
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Blood-borne Pathogens
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A pathogen that is spread by blood and body fluids containing blood. Typically, the pathogens are HBV and HIV.
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Body Substance Isolation
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The type of isolation that expanded universal precautions to require glove use when contacting all body substances. The use of any material to protect the health care worker from OPIM.
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Category-specific Isolation
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Isolation based on the category.
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Exposure Incident
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An incident that can include nonintact skin, which consists of skin with dermatitis, hangnails, cuts, abrasions, chafing, acne, and so on.
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Federal Register
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The rules and regulations that healthcare institutions must comply with are published in a government publication by OSHA.
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