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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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State of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body is
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Dialysis
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is a method of removing toxic substances (impurities or wastes) from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so
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In a hypertonic solution
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red blood cells undergo crenation (shrink)
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In a hypotonic solution
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red blood cells undergo hemolysis(explode)
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Osmosis
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movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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DIFFUSION
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THE PASSIVE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION
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PHYSIOLOGY
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STUDY OF THE PHENOMINA OF LIVING THINGS
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OVAL WINDOW
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MEMBRANE BETWEEN MIDDLE EAR AND INNER EAR, TRANSMITS SOUND FROM MIDDLE EAR TO INNER EAR
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ROUND WINDOW
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MEMBRANE BETWEEN MIDDLE EAR AND INNER EAR, DISSAPATES SOUND WAVES IN THE INNER EAR
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What are the 3 mechanisms for acid-base balance?
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- Buffer systems: in blood very short lived
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What is a buffer system?
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system that maintains a relatively constant pH even when strong acids or bases are added. Buffer solutions contain either a weak acid or a weak base and one of
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What are the types of buffer systems?
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- Bicarbonate buffer system
- phosphate buffer system - proteins i.e. Hb |
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Hypertonic solution
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solution has higher concentration of solute than cell, water moves out of cell
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Hypotonic solution
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solution has lower concentration of solute than cell, water moves into cell
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TONICITY
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THE OSMETIC PRESSURE OR TENSION OF A SOLUTION
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Isotonic
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Having equal tension., NO NET MOVEMENT
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Alkalosis
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BLOOD PH OVER 7.45
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ACIDOSIS
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BLOOD PH UNDER 7.35
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PH
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A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
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WHAT IS PH
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HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN WATER
of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). ... |
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Base:
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generates [OH-] in solution
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TISSUE TYPES?
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE, NERVOUS TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE PURPOSE AND LOCATION
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TWO TYPES NEUROGLIA (PROTECT AND SUPPORT NEURONS. AND NEURONS RECIEVES STIMULI AND CONDUCT IMPULSES AND WAVES OF EXCITATION, LOCATION BRAIN SPINAL CORD AND NERVES
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MUSCLE TISSUE
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SKELITAL(LOCOMOTION), CARDIAC(CONTRACTS PROPELS), SMOOTH(PROPELS SUBSTANCES OR OBJECTS)- PUPOSE MUSCLE TISSUE DESIGNED TO CONTRACT AND PRODUCE NOST BODY MOVEMENT LOCATION-WALLS OF HOLLOW ORGANS, THE WALLS OF THE HEART AND ATTA CHED TO BONES AND SOMETIMES SKIN
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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PROTECT SUPPORT AND BIND TOGETHER OTHER TISSUE TYPES. Blood, Cartilage, Bone and Connective Tissue Proper LOCATION THROUOUGT BODY
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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COVERS SURFACES FUNCTION-PROTECTION, ABSORBTION, FILTRATION, EXCRETION, SECREATION, AND SENSORY PERCEPTION
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Basic components of a reflex arc (5):
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1.Sensory Receptor, 2.Sensory (AFFERENT) Neuron, 3.Integrating Center 4. Motor (efferent) neuron, 5. Effector
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Efferent =
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Motor
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Afferent =
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SENSORY
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RECEPTOR
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1. The receptor at the end of a sensory neuron reacts to a stimulus.
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2.Sensory(AFFERENT
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2. The sensory (afferent) neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway towards the central nervous system (CNS).
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Integration center
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3. The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS.
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Motor (efferent) neuron
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4. A motor (efferent) neuron conducts a nerve impulse along an efferent pathway from the integration center to an effector.
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Effector
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5. An effector responds to the efferent impulses by contracting (if the effector is a muscle fiber) or secreting a product (if the effector is a gland).
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WE NEED OXEGEN
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Primary function is to obtain oxygen for use by body's cells (ATP) & eliminate carbon dioxide that cells produce
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PINNA
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external ear (aka pinna). Collects sound waves and channels them to the external auditory canal
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External auditory canal
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ear canal. Carries sound waves to eardrum
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Tympanic membrane
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ear drum (aka tympanum). Transmits sound waves to middle ear
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Ossicles
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three bones of the middle ear (tympanic cavity
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Malleus
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hammer. First bone of the middle ear. Attached to ear drum
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Incus
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anvil, second bone of the middle ear
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Stapes
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stirrups, third bone of the middle ear. Attached to oval window
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Vestibular system
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controls balance
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semicirwhat receives images?
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retina
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What do nerves within the eyes conduct?
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Impulses
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Nearsighted-
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you can see things near (myopia)
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Farsighted-
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you can see things far (hypermetropia)
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Cataracts-
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clouding of the lens or cornea
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Astigmatism-
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irregular shape cornea lens
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Optic nerve-
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carries the image to the brain
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Vitreous humor-
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clear, jelly-like material that is inside the eye that helps hold it shape
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Retina-
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backs surface of the eye; contains rods and cores
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Rods-
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react in dim light; no color
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Cones-
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allows you to see color (cells)
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CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHIMICAL ENERGY
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RODS AND CONES
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Pupil-
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open in the center, allows light in the eyeball
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Iris
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to regulate the amount of light admitted to a lens or optical system
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Sclera
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forms the external covering of the eyeball
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Aqueous humor
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the clear watery fluid circulating in the chamber of the eye between the cornea and lens
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Choroid
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nourish the retina and absorb scattered light
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Cornea
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the transparent convex anterior portionon of the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil and is continuous with the sclera cular canals
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What is the function of the kidney?
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filtration and get rid of waste. control fuid volume in body
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In the process of urine formation
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1 GLOMULAR FORMATION2. TUBAKAR REASBSORTION 3. TUBULAR SECREARION
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Starting with the kidneys, what organs does urine flow through when excreted from the body?
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Kidneys --> ureters --> bladder --> urethra
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What does the renal cortex consist of?
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Many capillaries and outer parts of nephrons
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What is the functional unit of the kidney? In general, what does it do? In general, what does it consist of?
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The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. They are responsible for the formation of urine. It consists of small tubes and associated small blood vessels
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What blood vessel does blood enters the kidney through, and what are the subsequent blood vessels that blood travels through en route to the glomeruli?
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Enters through the renal artery.
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Describe the pathway of the nephron tubule system.
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Begins with glomerular capsule which transitions into proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), then to descthe ending and ascending limbs of Loop of Henley (LH), and finally the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) where it ends and empties into collecting duct (CD).
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Where is the glomerular (or Bowman's) capsule located, and what occurs there?
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This is where glomerular filtration occurs. The filtrate is then passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.
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What is proteinuria? What causes this?
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Defects in the slit diaphragm results in massive leakage of protein in the filtrate and thus appears in the urine.
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GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
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Glomerular filtration is a process in which water and some other substances in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. Very small molecules can pass through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's capsule. This includes water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins.
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Tubular reabsorption
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is the process of reclaiming water and other substances from the tubular fluid (glomerular filtrate which passes from the Bowman's capsule to the renal tubule) and returning them to the blood.
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Glucose/SUGAR:
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GLYCOSURIA-PRESENCE OF SUGAR
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ketone:
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a by-product of fat metabolism
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PH:
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a measure that expresses both acidity and alkalinity on a scale whose values run from
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RED BLOOD CELLS
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HEMATURIA
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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PYURIA
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URIBOLINOGEN
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BILIRUBINURIA-BILE PIGMENTS
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KETONES
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KETUNURIA-ACID
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CAST/CLARITY
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RBC, WBC CRYSTALS,
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PROTEIN
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IS NORMAL SMALL AMOUNTS USED FOR PREGNANCY TEST
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NITRITES
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BACTERIAL INFECTION EG E COLI
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DENSITY
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1.005 TO 1.030
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BRAIN HAS NO
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NUERONS
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TISSUE
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Tissue: A tissue in medicine is not like a piece of tissue paper. It is a broad term that is applied to any group of cells that perform specific functions
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COLD BRINGS?
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BLOOD TO AREA
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COLD REDUCES?
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PAIN, NERVE TRANSMISSION,SWELLING, REDUCES BLOOD FLOW
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HEAT HELPS?
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BRING PAIN DOWN PAIN,
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vasodilation
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WIDENING OF BLOOD VESSELS
REALESES HEAT INCREASE BLOOD FLOW |
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VASOCONSTRICTION
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IS USED BY THE BODY TO CONSERVE HEAT
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THE TISSUE REACHES A LOW TEMPATURE THAT ___________STOPS?
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NERVE CONDUCTION
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OCCURS BECAUSE THE NERVES ARE NO LONGER STIMULATING VESSELS TO CONSRICT?
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PASSIVR DIALATION
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
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Inspiration
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The Lungs expand as a result of contraction of the inspiratory muscles.
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Expiration
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During quiet breathing, expiration is a passive process in that it does not require muscle contraction.
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Boyle's Law
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When volume increases, pressure decreases. Law showing the inverse relationship between pressure and volume.
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External Intercostal Muscles
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When rib cage expands. Inspiratory muscles of the chest wall. Atmospheric pressure rushes in, decrease pressure goes down
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Diaphragm
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Primary inspiratory muscle for respiration: the musclar partition that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavitites.
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Internal Intercostal Muscles
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Muscles of expiration that are located between the ribs.
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Atomospheric Pressure
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Pressure of outside air.
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Spirometer
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Device of measuring lung volume. the amont of air you can move/test abstructive(swollen passege) and restrictive -(lower lung volume
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Tidal Volume
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Air you breathe in and out normally.
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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When you such in as much air as possible. vc-(tv+erv)
vital capacity-tidal volume+expiratory |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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When you blow out as much air as possible
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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The maximun amount of air your lungs can hold.
TLC= (TV +IRV+ERV+RV) Tidal+Inspiratory+Expiratory+Residual |
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IRV=
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IRV= VC - (TC + ERV)
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vital capacity=
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max air forced out/move
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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The amount of air in the lungs following a normal expiration
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Abstructive
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Swollen Passages-episema
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Restrictive
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Lower Lung Volume
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reidual volume rv
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air left that will never move total living volume
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Obstructive Lung Disease
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Exhibits decreased air flow due to increased airway resistance.
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Restrictive Lung Disease
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Develops a decrease in the volume of air inside his or her lungs.
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Digestion
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Starts in the mouth
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In Mouth- Amylase
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Begins in mouth, starch glucose. Enzyme that digest starch and glycogen; includes salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase.
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In Stomach - Pepsin Protein
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Pepsin Protein, enzyme- biological catalysts. Pepsin is the fully active form of pepsinogen; acts in the lumen of the stomach to begin the digestion of proteins.
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Enzymes are
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large protein molecules produced by body cells. biological catalyst
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Catalysts are
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Means they increase the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves becoming part of the product.
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Lipase
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Breaks down fat
Fat>Fatty Acids |
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pancreatic Lipase
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Enzymes present in pancreatic juice that digest lipid substrates.
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Protein
Fat Carbohydrates |
Protein
Fat Carbohydrates |
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Pancreas
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A gland located in the abdominal cavity that performs endocine and exocrine functions: secretes pancreatic juice and hormones, including insulin and glucagon.
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Polypeptides
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Polymer containing amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
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Amino Acids
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Biomolecule containing amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R or residual group attached to a central carbon; found in proteins.
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Pancreatic Lipase
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hydrolyzes fats and oils to their component monoglycerides and two fatty acids.
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Gallbladder
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Small muscular sac located immediately adjacent to the liver; stores bile in between meals.
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Carbohydrate
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C6 H12 O6
Bilmolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 |
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Starch
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Plant Base
Polysaccharide found in plants |
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Glycogen
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Animal Base
A glucose polymer found in animal cells |
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Protein
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Amino acids are joined to other amino acids by peptide bonds- chain call polypeptide.
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Protein
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A polymer containing amino acids joined together by peptide bonds; usually refers to chains containing more than 50 amino acids.
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Fat
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Triglyceride
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Salivary amylase
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the enzyme produced by the salivary glands and secreted into the mouth.
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Hydrolysis
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use of water to split another molecule
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Trypsin
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an enzyme produced by the pancreas, hydrolyzes proteins to small fragments
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Hydrocloric Acid
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In stomach
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Pepsin
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Breaks down proteins
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Glucose
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most common monosaccharide; provides important source of cellular energy.
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Triglyceride
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a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol backbone; commonly called fat
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Monosaccharide
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simple sugar composed of a single unit
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Bile
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A secretory product of the liver,it is important to fat digestion because of its emulsifying action
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Test Glucose
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Benedict Test- starch iodine
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Term pancreatin
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describes the enzymatic product of the pancreas, which includes enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and fats.
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Long Chain
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Secondary 3 dimensional shape structure, proteins are broke down eventually to amino acids
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