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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Figure Associated with Induction |
David Humes |
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Hypothetico-deductive method |
-The method by which you begin with a hypothesis that can be experimented on |
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What did Semmelweis make medical students do before assisting pregnant women? |
Wash their hands |
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Problem with induction? |
-Science makes predictions about the future and about past events that no one was around to observe -Empiricism |
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Can we prove scientific hypothesis and theories? |
No |
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Falliable |
Every person has a different experience that will mold their thinking that could possibly sway the scientific results |
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Empiricism |
The only source of knowledge about the world is experience |
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Why does Hume think that we can't solve the problem by appealing to laws of nature, casual relations, or something similar? |
-We think inductively naturally -"instances of which we have had no experience must resemble those of which we have had experience” (which is wrong) |
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Deductively Valid Argument |
-When the conclusion is follows from the premise -"if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true" |
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Problem with Demarcation |
-It seems to matter whether ideas are scientific -Because a lot of disputes might disappear -Are there reliable indicators of genuine science |
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What, according to Popper, characterizes a psedoscientific theory? |
-not testable -does not rely on the scientific method |
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What year did copernicus die? |
1543 |
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Galileo and Bacon both insist that science must be based on ________ not authority. |
Experience |
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What does it mean to say that observations are theory-laden? |
Everything that is observed is seen through their experience based knowledge of theories and concepts |
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What did Galileo describe, when he observed Saturn through his telescope? |
He saw a large sphere and two smaller ones on both sides |
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What did Huygens see through the telescope? |
Said Saturn was surrounded by a ring |
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How is the example used to make trouble for empiricists? |
They didn't have past knowledge to sway their decision in seeing a ring on Saturn |
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Rene Blondlot claimed to discover what? |
-N-ray
-(experiment shut down because personal bias came about in the data) |
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Experimenter's bias |
When personal beliefs or theories change the data results |
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Placebo Effect |
A beneficial effect that occurs which was not caused by the placebo itself but by the patients belief instead. |
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What are the four terrestrial substances according to Aristotle? (also called Natural Place) |
Earth, Fire, Air, and Water |
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Pseudoscience |
-It has the elements of science but there is a strong suspicion that it isn't actually scientific |
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Why is waiting on experts to agree on a scientific issue sometimes a risky strategy? |
If we wait for an expert on every situation, it will take to long and we will have no particular action. |
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Are there reasons to think we shouldn't solve the problem of demarcation? What are they? |
Yes, because if science is fallible, then what makes all the other pseudosciences and non-science less reliable. |
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Gregor Mendel |
-Father of Modern Genetics -Crossed a pea plant to see the genetic makeup |
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Francis Bacon |
-Had an idea for a new scientific method that would better mankind. -This involved gathering data, analyzing it, and performing experiments |
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Kuhn's most influential book |
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions |
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Does Kuhn believe that all sciences share a single scientific method? |
No. He does not believe in the scientific method. -it is conducted with in framework/paradigms |
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Why is pre-paradigm science unproductive, according to Kuhn? |
Because it is one big circle that never ends, Everyone is going different directions. |
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How does a scientific paradigm differ from a scientific theory? |
Scientific Theory is a picture, story, idea of what the world is like but it wont tell you the solution or evaluate it. The paradigm will tell you the solution and how to evaluate it. |
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Why does Kuhn think that history of science is relevant to understanding the nature of science? |
-If you are an empiricist the history of science doesn't fit with an empiricists' idea. If you pay attention to just history, than you don't understand science. -Not guided by data and observation |
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Are scientific theories proven? |
NO |
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In what decade did the first modern, machine rolled cigarette appear? |
1880's |
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What kind of evidence did Hill and Doll, Wynder and Graham provide, which suggested that cigarettes cause lung cancer? |
Statistical |
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Geocentric |
Bodies move towards their natural place |
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Singular Statement |
-describes a particular event @ a particular time @ a particular place -Ex:Observations of particular planets, within the night sky |
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Universal Statement |
Ex: That planets orbit the Sun on elliptical paths |
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Heliocentric |
having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. |
