Philosopy & Pub Issuse Ch 2

Front 1

explains not why one event causes another but why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad

Back 1

moral theory

Front 2

devising, using, or assessing moral theories or parts of theories

Back 2

Moral Theorizing

Front 3

moral theories that focus on good and bad persons or character

Back 3

virtue-based theories

Front 4

moral theories that concentrate on right and wrong actions

Back 4

theories of right action

Front 5

insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results

Back 5

Consequentialist Theories

Front 6

The rightness of actions is determined not solely by their consequences but partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature.

Back 6

Deontological Theory

Front 7

the view that the right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved

Back 7

Utilitarianism

Front 8

the idea that the rightness of an actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

Back 8

act-utilitarianism

Front 9

avoids judging of rightness by specific acts and focuses instead on rules governing categories of acts.

Back 9

rule-utilitarianism

Front 10

which English philosopher devised the classic version of utilitarianism

Back 10

Jeremy Bentham

Front 11

what English philosopher gave utilitarianism more plausibility?

Back 11

John Stuart Mill

Front 12

the view that right actions are those that further one's own best interest

Back 12

ethical egoism

Front 13

the disinterested concern for the well-being of others

Back 13

altruisim

Front 14

says:

1.we are obligated to act only is we can

2.we can act only when morally obligated to do so

3. we are obligated to help only when motivated by self interest

Back 14

psychological egoism

Front 15

what two criticisms are made of ethic egoism

Back 15

1. the theory seems to be inconsistent with our moral judgements

2. ethical egoism conflicts with an essential element of moral life: impartiality

Front 16

a common form of _______ _________ says that people perform actions solely to obtain satisfaction, happiness, or pleasure--even actions that appear to be altruistic or selfless

Back 16

psychological egoism

Front 17

holding that right actions are those do not depend on consequences, the maximization of utility, the production of happiness, or the desires and needs of human beings.

Back 17

Kant's Theory

Front 18

According to Kant, moral duties are expressed in the form of what?

Back 18

categorical imperatives

Front 19

what are Kant's two categorical imperatives?

Back 19

1.act only on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law

2.Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, never as a means, but always at the same time as an end

Front 20

the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason

Back 20

Natural Law Theory

Front 21

affirms that performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect

Back 21

doctrine of double effect

Front 22

according to the doctrine of double effect, what four tests must an action pass to be morally permissible

Back 22

1. the action must be morally permissible

2.causing a bad effect must not be used to obtain a good effect.

3. whatever the outcome of an action, the intention must be to cause only a good effect

4. the bad effect must not be greater in importance than the good effect.

Front 23

refers to moral theories based on the idea of social contract, or agreement, among individuals for mutual advantage

Back 23

contractarianism

Front 24

who has the most influential form of contractarianism?

Back 24

John Rawls

Front 25

which philosopher uses the notion of a social contract to generate and defend moral principles governing how members of society should treat each other?

Back 25

John Rawls

Front 26

this principle says character is the key to moral life, for it is from virtuous character that moral conduct and values naturally arrive.

Back 26

Virtue Ethics

Front 27

who is the primary inspiration for contemporary virtue ethics?

Back 27

Aristotle

Front 28

insists that we aspire to moral excellence, that we cultivate the virtues tht will make us better persons

Back 28

Virtue ethics

Front 29

benevolence, honesty, loyalty, compassion, fairness, and the like, are all examples of what?

Back 29

moral virtues

Front 30

a distinctive moral perspective that arose out of feminist concerns and grew to challenge core elements of most of theories

Back 30

The Ethics of Care

Front 31

an approach to morality aimed at advancing women's interest and correcting injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality.

Back 31

Feminist Ethics

Front 32

what is criterion of the moral criteria of adequacy

Back 32

1.consistency with our considered moral judgements

2.consistency with the facts of moral life

3.resourcefulness in moral problem solving