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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tabula rasa |
Blank tablet |
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Sensation |
Sense-data |
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Ideas |
The immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding Sensations or perceptions in our understanding |
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Quality |
What we have so far been calling property Ex. Red, round, heavy The power to produce those ideas in us |
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Primary qualities |
Properties of the objects themselves Color, texture Do not exist independently of the object's effect on our sense organs Inseparable from the body |
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Secondary qualities |
Nothing in the objects themselves, powers to produce various sensations in us by their primary qualities (bulk, figure, texture, colors, sounds, tastes) Quality |
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Experience is the source of all knowledge |
Locke |
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Probability and "degrees of assent" |
Locke |
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Cannot have innate ideas |
Locke |
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Universal consent proves nothing innate |
Locke |
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Aristotle |
384 - 322 BC Macedonia, northern Greece (Stagira) "County boy" sent to Plato's academy |
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Change is real! |
Aristotle |
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Alexander the Great |
Lyceum - secon d university - in Athens "end of Greek age" |
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No dialogues |
Aristotle |
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"Substance philosopher" |
Aristotle |
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Reality |
Made of substance Not strictly physical Stands under reality "Ultimate reality" |
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Substance |
Form + matter Separable in thought, but not in reality |
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Aristotle's Four Causes |
1. Material Cause (matter) - physical stuff, matter, material, that a substance is composed of our made of - cause ➡ effect ➡ cause - before, during, and after
2. Efficient Cause (matter) - the catalyst which brings the substance into being - triggers the substance to exist - the energy that went into making the "chair" - the assembly (the human putting it together is the efficient cause)
3. Formal Cause (form) - the principle of organization of the substance - what nonphysical characteristics help hold it together - the idea behind it, the design, blueprint
4. Final Cause (form) - Aristotle deems most important - the purpose, goal, end, "the telos" (teleology) |
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Teleology |
Study of purposes of purposive activity, goal-oriented activity |
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Psychology |
Psyche = soal |
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Humans use rational reason (and social), noone alone can be happy independently of society |
Aristotle |
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Life of reason |
- Aristotle - Whereby one acts, not reacts - act - provide oneself with an option |
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Soal |
Form |
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Body |
Matter |
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Feeling of certainty |
Psychological phenomenon Feeling of the mind Not permanent Does not have to be accompanied by knowledge "How can certainty be connected to knowledge?" - Descartes |
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Meditations One - Descartes |
- First = Foundational - To get to certainty you have to go through doubt - test what you're about to commit to - assumptuous starting point - All knowledge comes from the sense - Most beliefs based on experience - senses - Senses are somtimes deceptive - Worst case scenario - "evil genius"
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Doubt |
Withholding consent |
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Pro-doubt |
Senses are sometimes deceptive |
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Anti-doubt |
Pro-knowledge, certainty |
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Pro-knowledge (odd) v. Anti-knowledge (even) |
1. All knowledge comes from or through the senses 2. Senses are sometimes deceptive 3. Senses are not deceptive about those close up and large 4. Descartes' "I might be crazy" assumptions 5. "I can ask a question of my own sanity" 6. "I might be dreaming" 7. Descartes doesn't think he's dreaming, too vivid! 8. Some dreams are vivid 9. Even if dreaming, math us still certain -cannot trust our senses 10. God might be deceiving us 11. God is good, not a deceiver 12. Not sure God is good - God allows deception to occur 13. Assume no God 14. Worst case scenario - opposite of God - Evil Genius |
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Meditations Two - Descartes |
- "I think, therefore I am." - Evil Genius couldn't deceive him of that - thinking - an awareness of awareness - Evil Genius cannot deceive self-consciousness - I = thinking thing - man - rational animal - Evil Genius is causing us to doubt others and the physical world - cannot doubt that you doubt! - sensations are within the mind, nonphysical - wax example, Descartes believes they are the same wax - continuity must be in the mind |
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"I think, therefore I am" |
Cognito ergo sum |
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Solipsism |
Self alone is real, nothing else matters |
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Sense Data Theory of Perception |
- Different from mental sensing - Physical data produced by physical sense organs - Something we are normally not aware of - Physical data! - produced from awareness - Until the data is sent to the mind you won't experience it |
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Meditations Three - Descartes |
- concerning God, that he exists - Evil Genius ➡ hypothesis - cannot have more than one omniscient being - if God exists, evil genius cannot - thoughts are NOT ideas ! - three classes of thoughts - without T/F, meaningless - only judgements can be T/F, not ideas or volitions - conclusion - God must exist as the cause of the idea of god, a being with all the realities in the idea |
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Three Classes of Thoughts |
1. Ideas - some of these thoughts are like images - ex. man, angel, dragon, tree, nouns - idea of God by itself doesn't prove anything 2. Volitions - when I will, when I fear, or affirm/deny - ex. affects, verbs, mental action 3. Judgements - subject is predicate statements - whole sentences that relate two objects - connecting one idea/volition to another of the same |
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Ideas |
1. Innate - self-consciousness, inside 2. Adventitious - from the senses, outside 3. Produced-by-me ideas - fabrications, imaginations |
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Descartes argument for God's existence |
1. Idea of God exists in the human mind 2. Idea of God includes ideas of... -eternity, infinate, omni-predicates 3. There must be at least as much reality in the cause as in the effect 4. Something can't come into being out of nothing |
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Theodicy |
Study of God's relationship to evik, an account of how evil came into this world |
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Meditations Four - Descartes |
- theodicy - faculty of knowing - understanding, reason, intellect - faculty of choosing - will, volitions - God caused/created the facilities within us - can know that you know, understand that you understand - intellect v. will |
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Intellect |
Perfect Limited Gives certainty about what we understand I know, I understand Reasoning Not the cause of errors (by itself) |
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Will |
No boundaries I want, I choose Perfect Not the cause of errors (by itself) |
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Error |
When the will extends beyond the intellect |
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Meditations Five - Descartes |
- a method for rightfully conducting the mind - proof god exists |
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Proof god exists |
1. The idea of god is a supremely perfect being, contains all perfections - like numbers, triangle 2. Existence is a type of perfection, therefore the idea of god must contain existence |
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The Method |
1. Never accept anything as true, unless it is an inductance idea, a clear and direct idea 2. Divide each problem (ynclear thoughts) into as many parts as is required to solve it 3. Order the parts from the simple to the complex 4. Always check for oversights, errors, and if they occur regularly revise method ny adding sub-steps to prevent oversights |
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Father of modern philosophy |
Descartes |
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John Locke |
Accepts "I think, therefore I am" Epistemological Goal: attack metaphysics Scientific method Empiricist Attacks innate ideas - metaphysical rubbish Goal: to explain knowledge without appeal to innate ideas Claims his theory is simpler than Plato's and Descartes' theories The common sense philosopher "If a tree falls ... " - it doesn't make a sound! |
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Empiricism |
All knowledge comes from experience |
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Empiricist theory |
John Locke All knowledge comes from innate ideas |
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Sense Data |
Internal |
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Sensations |
External |
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Quality |
Power to produce an idea The course of an idea Outside of mind Not an idea! |
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Primary qualities |
Weight, solidity, vikume, density, energy Measurable by numbers Powers |
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Secondary qualities |
Associated with science Common sense Body |
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Sensory data |
Eyes ➡ body ➡ brain ➡ mind |
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Independence assumption |
External objects exist independently of our awareness of them, our minds Basis for realism |
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Directness assumption |
States that our perceptions of external objects are not meditated by anything "What you see is what you get" No middle man, nothing between you and external reality |
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Common Sense Realist |
- Most people - the unreflective standpoint - not a philosopher - defined by independence and directness assumptions Objections: - doesn't account for the complicated process of perception - cannot account for errors in perception (non-veridical perceptions : nontrue) -doesn't fit with the new scientific description of the world |
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Representative Realism |
Improvement to CSR Affirms the sense Data Theory of Perception External world ➡ through eyes ➡ then to mind Only in direct contact with sense data - not reality - serves as a buffer |
