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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 branches of philosophy
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ethics, metaphysics, aesthetics, epistemology, logic
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Ethics
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study of virtue, right or wrong
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Epistemology
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study of knowledge
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Logic
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study of arguments and whether or not they're valid
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Aesthics
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Study of the nature of sensation
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Metaphysics
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Study of the nature of reality
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Skepticism
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The view that we can never know how things ultimately are
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"The Cogito"
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"If I am thinking, I must exist" or "I think, therefore I am"
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Rationalist
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We gain knowledge with the mind alone
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A priori
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By reason alone
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Example of apriori
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"a bachelor is an unmarried man"
"a virgin hasn't had sex" "a triangle has three sides" |
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A posteriori
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by investigation and the senses/experience
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Example of A posteriori
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"James is a bachelor"
"Smoking causes cancer" "It is raining outside" |
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Empiricism
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We gain knowledge by experience and the senses
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Relations of ideas
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By reason alone (a priori)
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Matters of fact
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Through experience, Contingent (a posteriori)
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3 associations of ideas
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resemblance, contiguity, cause & effect
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Counter argument of God's existence
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Evolution
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Deism
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Idea that God created everything, but he is not controlling it now, hands off, cause & effect takes over now
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Ontological Proof (Proof of God's Existence)
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1. God by definition is completely perfect
2. It would be imperfect not to exist (Existence is a perfection) -> God exists (relation of ideas) |
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Arguments from design (1)
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1. Look at the wondrous complexity and organization of the world/nature
2. This cannot be the result of blind chance 3. There must be a design/designer -> God exists |
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Arguments from design (2)
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1. Machines are the effect of intelligence
2. The world is like a machine 3. The world is the effect of something like intelligence -> God exists |
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Determinism
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View that for every event, there are causes so that it must occur (gravity, weather, etc.)
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Free Will
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View that human beings are free to choose their actions
"Choosing A, I was still free to choose B" |
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Dogmatism
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So certain or maintaining a view with absolute certainty that no opposition is possible
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What does Hume say about Dogmatism?
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Leads to violence
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Hume view on reason
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"Reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions"
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Autonomy
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Self-governance, free will
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Naturalism
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Human beings are natural facts, with no extra divine aspect; clever; moral animals
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Hume thinks emotions are
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Moral
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Kant thinks emotions are
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Not moral
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End-in-itself Formula
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Act always so as to treat humanity, whether yourself or someone else, never merely as a means, but always as an end.
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Categorical Imperative
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"Act only on that maxim (principle) that you can, at the same time, will as a universal law"
For everyone, everywhere, at all times |
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Example of categorial imperative
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Voters or litters. Idea that my vote doesn't matter, but if everyone thought that way, our system would fail. Not the action but the principle.
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Example of means/mere means
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Means: a tool to get what we want. Honest business
Mere Means: deceiving/disrespecting/coerce |
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Descartes' Method of Doubt
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1. Senses deceive and cannot be trusted
2. Dream Hypothesis 3. Evil Demon Hypothesis |
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Hume's view on substance
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No substance. Believes in observations. All we have are perceptions
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Descartes' view on substance
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Mind (thinking thing) or body (extended thing); unchanging (identical to itself)
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