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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epistmelogical systems
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source of knowledge and understanding
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how does religion get its truth?
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by looking backwards, tradition, institution, text
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how does science get its truth?
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obtain knowledge through future oriented open-ended investigation; provisional, forward-looking trajectory
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epistmology
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branch of philosophy that is concerned with nature, sources, and justification of belief and knowledge
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Charles Darwin
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he reframed challenge and disclaimed human uniqueness
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3 major religious opponents to evolution
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creationism (6 day creation), creation science (more scientific background), intelligent design theory
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mideval synthesis
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earth is absolute center of universe, hell is under, heavan is above
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heliocentrisicm
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Copernicus, sun at the center of the cosmos w/earth and other planets revolving around it
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core contraversy between religion and science
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competing world views about the nature of reality
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3 models between religion and science
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conflict model, independence model, interrelation model
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conflict model
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believe that religion and science have fundamentally similar aims, objects and methods. Similarity brings conflict
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2 camps of conflict model in america
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scientific naturalism and biblical literalism
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scientific naturalism
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emprirical method only reliable investigation; science only reliable knowledge; God threatens scientific method
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biblical literalism
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the bible is inherently true so must be literal; not all creationist believe this, aka Pope
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shared presupposition between scientific naturalism and biblical literalism
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science and religion are making similar but contradictory truth claims about the world
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Daniel Lazare
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archeological evidence to show contradictions in bible (Abraham, camels); bible can't be taken literally; CONFLICT and science wins
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Richard Dwakins
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evolutionary biologist; conflict model; science is the only proof; if you try to use rel and science you create an ontological loop
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epiphenomenon
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a secondary phenomenon that gives rise or laps with another phenomenon(brain-->mind); Dwakins thinks this is how rel. created; synapses
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obscurantism
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against intellectual development and enlightenment; Dwakins claims this is what the Pope is being
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speciesm
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idea that humans are above the animal kingdom bc we have souls; Dwakins is against this
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zero sum game
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it is either science or religion, there is no mixture; Dwakins
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Virgin Birth
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shows that religion and science aren't in different realms; religion makes claims but science is the proper judge of them; Dwakins
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Richard Dwakins 6 key terms
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conflict, epiphenomenon, obscurantism, speciesm, Zero Sum Game, Virgin Birth
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independence model
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religion and science has fundamentally different aims, objects and methods
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Stephen Jay Gould
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rel/sci separate fields of inquiry; different magisterium, NOMA; fact/theory and meaning/value; keep both separate; opposite of Dwakin
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magisterium
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a teaching authority or office; Gould's idea (rel/sci has different magisteriums)
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NOMA
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non-overlapping magisterium; Gould; don't overlap rel/sci
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Gould's fact/theory
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science
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Gould's meaning/value
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religion
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Gould's 5 key terms
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independence, fact/theory, meaning/value, magisterium, NOMA
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interrlation model
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the debate between conflict and independence is outdated; they share basic presuppositions, limits to science, other parallels
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Nancy Murphey
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dialogue between sci/rel; focuses on methods of attaining knowledge; rel become more objective; no foundationalism, yes holism
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foundationalism
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religion and science are very different; either conflict of independent; Murphey is against this
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holism
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knowledge is like a web or a net, all beliefs are interconnected; one change w/in web effects all parts
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Nancy Murphey's 3 key ideas
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interrelation model, foundationalism, holism
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Hume's definition of a miracle
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violation of natural law caused by a supernatural being
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Monica and Augustine of Hippo
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Elenor Stump's piece; compelled conversion of Augustine because of Monica's prayers
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petitionary prayer
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requests by humans to God
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3 problems of petitionary prayer
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God's omniscient, God has a plan, petitionary prayer is effective; you can't have all three
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Eleanor Stump
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modern philosopher who dampens petitionary prayer being effective; God shouldn't spoil us by always answering; provisionary prayer
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2 solutions to petitionary prayer problem
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God's not omniscient so petitionary prayer is necessary; God is omniscient and petitionary prayer is useless
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Benefit/problem of petitionary prayer but no omniscience
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benefit: freedom and agency preserved; problem: God isn't omniscient
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Benefit/problem of omniscience but no petitionary prayer
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benefit: God omniscient; problem: no human agency or free will
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Deism
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God created the world and now is absent; there are no room for miracles bc human freedom is center; Paley's watchmaker
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Theological Determinism
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God has decreed all event that take place, he is the extreme micromanager; no free will all actions are preordained; calvinism
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Molinism
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middle ground; humans are ultimately responsible but divine action is plausible; there is free will
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open theism
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Lucas idea; God is omnipotent and omniscient but doesn't have complete knowledge of what will occur in future bc future not here yet
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process theology
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God suggests, not commands; Cobb and Griffin
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Providence
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to see through or to see ahead
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2 types of providence
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special acts of providence, general acts of providence
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special acts of providence
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miracles
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general acts of providence
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more open plan for human future
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Paul Helm
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Risk-free providence, like theological determinism; risky must be understood as accomadation
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Risky providence
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God only omniscient about non-living things for us knows only past and present, plans can be diverted, enabling grace, accomadation
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Risk-Free providence
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omniscience over free will; general acts of providence, determinism, effective grace
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enabling grace
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risky providence; one can refuse God's call/conversion
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accomadation
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risky prov.;God adapts himself to humans incapacity and weakness; says things not true but help us grasp the intended message
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effective grace:
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one can't refuse God's call to conversion
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Paul Helm's 5 major ideas
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risky/risk-free providence, enabling grace, effective grace, accomadation
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JR Lucas
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advocates for open theism, and risky providence; uses the example of the Persian Rug Maker;limited omniscience, human agency
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Persian Rug Maker
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Lucas; dialogue between God and humans; we mess up, God on the other end correcting the errors
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time according to JR Lucas
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creative process; God is within time and has hazy beliefs about the future
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Hume
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our nature laws are based on public, objective evidence; miracles are possible but improbable and suggest and irratic God
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Hume's 4 Arguments against Miracles
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not confirmed by sufficient # of people, passion/wonder cause us to believe not true things, miracle stories differ, inherited stories bad
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Swindburne
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contradicts Hume; don't favor scientific over historical evidence; talks about historical evidence and testimony of others
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Swindburne's 4 important types of evidence
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historical, memory of past events, testimony of others, physical traces
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JR Lucas 3 important ideas
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risky providence, open theism, persian rug maker
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Hume 3 important ideas
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definition of miracle, they are improbable bc of objective evidence, if miracles make for irratic God
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Swindburne's major idea
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EVIDENCE
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Mackie
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miracles are possible but improbable; double burden, epistemological argument; human testimony unreliable, his def of miracle
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Double Burden
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Mackie; prove it happened and that it violated natural law; further from natural law: harder to believe, more of a miracle
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Mackie's definition of a miracle
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supernatural intrusion into this world; God who allows miracles is an intrusive God
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Mackie's 3 Major Ideas
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double burden, epistemological argument, his definition of miracle
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What religion took the longest to form idea of life after death
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Ancient Israleite Religion
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3 Basic Philosophical Questions
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Core of human identity? Existence after death intelligible? Evidence for continuation of extistence?
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3 points of view on the core of human identity
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materialism, dualism, psychsomatic unity
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materialism
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humans are only highly evolved mammals with body that dies; there is no soul; consciousness is an epiphenomenon of brain
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advocates of materialism
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Baron d'Holbach, Linda Badham
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Baron d'Holbach
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universe is material and humans just organic beings; no soul; material atheist who was alive during the French enlightenment
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Linda Badham
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critic of resurrection of body, consciousness, near death experience; people only belong in thehere and now science brought this
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Dualism
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humans consist of body and a soul that are separable
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Advocates of Dualism
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Plato, H.H. Price, Prasannatma Das
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Plato, "The Phaedo"
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account of Socrates death, body has parts/destructible, soul not; socrates says he is his soul and that he will survive after death
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Dualistic idea of identity
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the body is a prison that holds the soul, then with death the soul escapes
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transmigration of soul
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Plato, the lesser souls go to other bodies
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Psychosomatic Unity
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complex misture of body and soul, that are indissoluble; human unity of physical and non-physical
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Advocates of Psychosomatic Unity
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Swindburne, Hick
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Life after death: materialist
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none
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Life after death: dualist
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we survive as disembodied souls
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Life after death: psychosomatic unity
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we must survive in some kind of bodily life
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H.H. Price
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dualist; life after death of disembodied persons just dream world bc no body so no sense organs; talks about survival hypothesis
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Prasannatma Das
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Hindu; argues for reincarnation; goal of soul is to evolve to cosmic awareness of the divine which requires more than 1 lifetime, dual
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point of reincarnation
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to engage in practices and go through a number of lives and progress
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Psychosomatic Unity options for life after death
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return in bodies physically identitical to body we have now, return in different bodies
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Problems with the PS. Unity options for life after death
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trading of atoms, cannabalism, and continual death, how much can a body change and still be the same person
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Richard Swindburne
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the body and soul are both necessary; uses the idea of the light bulb and light socket
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John Hick
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replicas, "replicas"
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3 types of evidence for life after death
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theistic argument, nontheistic, "empirical evidence
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Life After Death: theistic Argument
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human kinship with divine, divine power and justice/moral argument, divine love
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Life after death: nontheistic
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argument from desire, argument from mind/body dualism
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Life after Death: Empirical Evidence
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psychic research, memory of past lives
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what are 3 modern fundamental challenges to religion
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problem of evil (20th cent lots of deaths), naturalistic or reductive accounts of religion (new science), rel. lang(say anything meaningful
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2 different types of religious language
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words used only when speaking about divine, words used everyday
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Augustine
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divine simplicity; shows difficulty in talking about God in human language
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Maimonedes
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negation; another example of difficulty using language to talk about God, people want positives
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Aquinas
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realist can't know God but we can speak truthfully about divine under certain circumstances; agree with Augustine and Mai., analogy
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Aquinas' two types of language
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univical language, equivocal language
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uniquivical language
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words understood as having identical meanings, language problem when we use this
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equivocal language
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same word, different meanings
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proportionality
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Aquinas; relationship between God and humanity isn't proportionate but partakes in proportionality
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"linguistic turn"
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people turn to analysis of language to understand human meaning
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logical positivists
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language connects us to the world but rel. lang pointing to something beyond world so language is meaningless
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verification principle
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logical positivists use; statement is factual only if sense experience can determine truth/falsehood of the statement, must verify
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Antony Flew
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God talk is linguistic cheating. Support verification principle; cognitively meaningless if you can't falisify
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falsification
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Antony Flew; religious statement meaningless because never can be falsified
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Basil Mitchell
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you can't falsify but take into account role of trust and commitment; more factors with God relationship; give God is love meaning
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DZ Phillips
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reposition debate between realist/non-realist; belief is more about the action than the words; USE that our God talk has
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fideism
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faith is the only way to do religious reasoning
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rationalism
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reason is the only way to address religious beliefs
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Blaise Pascall
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not fideist; proof is impossible when talking about belief; wagering isnt' optional; wager for God, action will lead to belief
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wagering
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Pascal's idea; a wager is the limit to what reason can do, it isn't optional
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William Clifford
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don't act on unsupported beliefs (hurt people, make ourselves/others seem credulous); beliefs are common property, need evidence
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3 things ethics of a belief depend on (William Clifford)
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content, belief is true/false, consequence of the belief
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William James
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if you have option that is living, forced, momentous, that cannot be decided by intellectual nature, then faith should make decision
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genuine options
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something that is forced, living, monumentous…these are decisions you can make by faith, but only when evidence is unavailable
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hypothesis
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William James; any claim proposed for a belief
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living hypthesis
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William James; both hypotheses are meaningful
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Dead hypothesis
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William James; both are not meaningful
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Soren Kierkegaard
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strong fideist; "the leap"; you must have faith to prove your religious belief is true; subjective reflection
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subjective reflection
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Kierkegaard; how something is said, if we have said soemthing in the right way
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objective reflection
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what is said, content, if wha tis said is the truth
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C. Stephen Evans
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problems with fideism and neutralism; should have critical dialogue of our beliefs; assume foundationalism;
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critical dialogue
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C. Stephen Evans; fideism and rationalism are best together, can open them up to criticism; reflect critically on rel. beliefs
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Pope John Paul II
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truth is a social project, diakonia, sapiental dimension
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Diakonia
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servcie of service to science
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sapiential dimension
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get closer and closer to the truth
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