Philosophy Sucks 1

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Metaphysics

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Branch of Philosophy that studies reality in its most general features

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Epistemology

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The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.

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Dogmatism

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The view that knowledge in some field of inquiry ispossible.

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Skepticism

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The view that knowledge in that field is impossible,since

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Global Skepticism

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The view that we cannot know anything

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Empirical Knowledge

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Knowledge derived from sense perception,including:

knowledge of the external world

knowledge of one’s own body

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A Priori Knowledge

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Knowledge that does not rely on evidencederived from perceptual experience.

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A Posteriori Knowledge

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Knowledge that relies on evidence derivedfrom perceptual experience

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Dogmatism About Empirical Knowledge

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The view that we canacquire knowledge from sense perception.

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Skepticism About Empirical Knowledge

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The view that we cannotacquire knowledge from sense perception.

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Moderate Skepticism

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Under no conditions can we acquireknowledge from sense perception.

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Radical Skepticism (Solipsism)

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There is no external world to beknown.

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Direct (Naive) Realism

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The view that perception gives us direct unmediated access to objects and their observable properties

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Veridical Perception

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I perceive o as being F, and o really is F

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Non-Veridical Perception

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I perceive o as being F, but:Illusion o is not really F, orHallucination there is no o I’m seeing at all

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Indirect Realism

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Direct RealismIndirect Realism The view that we perceive external objects andtheir properties indirectly, by being aware of sensedata they produce in us.

External objects are just causes of the sense datawe are aware of in perception

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Disjunctivism

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The view that direct realism is true in cases ofperception (and perhaps mild illusion), but false incases of hallucination (and perhaps severe illusion).

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Dualism

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The metaphysical view that mind and body aredistinct entities (or “substances”) wholly separatefrom one another.

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Foundationalism

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The epistemological view that all knowledgerelies on basic indubitable truths known by thesubject.

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Rationalism

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The view that some or all knowledge cannot bederived solely from sense experience

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Idealism

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Only minds and mental properties exist

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Empiricism

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The epistemological view that all knowledge derivesultimately from sense perception.

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A Rough Characterization of Justification

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S’s justification forbelieving that p comprises the reasons why S isconvinced it is the case that p

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Epistemic Justification

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S’s epistemic justification for believing thatp comprise the reasons S would give in response tothe question, “how do you know that p?”