Philosophy Quiz

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ETHICS

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a branch of philosophy that deals with the systematic questioning and critical examination of underlying principles of moralityetho

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“ethos”

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character of a culture

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“ethos”

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includes the attitude of approval or disapproval in a particular culture at a given tike and place

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MORALITY

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comes from the word “mores” (customs including the customary behavior of a particular group of people)

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NORMATIVE ETHICS / METAETHICS

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two general approaches in ethics

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NORMATIVE ETHICS

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is meant to hive an answer to question: ‘What is good?’. Goodness or badness of an act. Example: Christian Ethics

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METAETHICS

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questions the basis of the assumptions proposed in a framework of norms in normative ethics. examines presuppositions, meanings and justification of ethical concepts and principles. answers: subjective or objective

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INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

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is the sense of what is the right thing to do from the customs or mores of a particular society

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WILLIAM SUMNER

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“our notion of what is right stems from man’s basic instinct to survive”

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MAN-GROUP-SURVIVAL TASK-BEST PRACTICES-EXPEDIENT WAY OF THINGS

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CONCEPT MAP

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FOLKWAYS

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imitating and transferring these practices, traditions would emerge; practical way of doing things

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MORES

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comes from folkways with element of societal welfare embodied in them

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habits, social rules and sactions

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INDIVIDUALS-

SOCIETY GROUP-

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POV OF SOCIETY, POV OF INDIVIDUAL

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two important factors in the emergence of morality

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POV OF SOCIETY

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customs, social rules, sactions

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POV OF INDIVIDUAL

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the person who has unconsciously developed habits in the following social norms established by society

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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idea of radical freedom that man is condemned to be free

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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“Man is nothing but that which he makes of himself”

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FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION

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two conditions for morality to occur

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DELIBERATION

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act pertaining to humans alone

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DELIBERATION

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this act requires reflection and an exercise of one's rational capacity to the fullest without sacrificing his ability to empathize with other human beings

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CONDUCT

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According to Mothershead, deliberate human action, this is a result of the process of reflection

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CONDUCT

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where the human person is endowed with the capacity to think using his rationality and to weigh the consequences of his actions in order to plan his own life

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PRE-REFLECTIVE MORALITY

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Animals are not capable of deliberation, reflection, concept construction, rational and critical thinking that humans are able to do so

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PRE-REFLECTIVE MORALITY

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Animals have been recognized to have the ability to solve simple problems

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PRE-REFLECTIVE MORALITY

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Morality that occurred prior to deliberation and reflection

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VALUE EXPERIENCE

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happens when we make choices and indicate our preference. Where you are setting which are your priorities that you have chosen to pursue

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VALUES

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is the result of this process of value experience

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MORAL VALUES

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Value become unlimited priority in their scope of relevance in our life

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MORAL DECISIONS

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"A __________ is the most important class of moral judgment"

-Mothershead

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MORAL JUDGMENTS

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Not all __________ are decisions, it can be a referenced to other people or groups of people

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INTELLECTUAL CHOICE

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process of giving normative answers as rational moral beings. "What do I ought to do given this situation?"

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NORMATIVE ANSWERS

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answers about what we ought to do from a moral system that we uphold and its moral principles

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PRACTICAL CHOICE

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There seems to be a difference between making moral decisions in actual situations where you are involved

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Moral Reasoning

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Process of examining moral arguments, known as evaluative reasoning in trying to evaluate the soundness of the argument from moral view

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Moral Argument

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Has to contain an analysis of what is considered as good or bad, right or wrong, correct or incorrect in the moral realm.

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moral reasoning

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is an individual's internal cognitive process of thinking through ethical issues and making moral decisions, while a

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moral argument

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is the external expression of that reasoning, involving the presentation of reasons and evidence to support a particular moral claim.

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Deontological Ethics

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Ethics based on duty, Greek word dein. Recognizes that there are moral principles that we follow which we consider as universally correct and should be applicable to all humanity

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Categorical Imperative

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Fundamental moral principle or the law of morality. Something that we are unconditionally obliged to do, without regard to the consequences

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Immanuel Kant

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“As human beings, we perceive the world as phenomena”

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Phenomena

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The knowledge of reality that our mind is capable of interpreting and understanding

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Faculty of Pure Reason and Faculty of Pure Intuition of Space and Time

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Two Faculties of the Mind

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Faculty of Pure Reason

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Provides the a priori (or prior to experience) source of knowledge which contains the structure of our mind as human beings

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Faculty of Pure Intuition of Space and Time

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Provides form and order to the data, content or material coming from experience, a posteriori source

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Practical Reason

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Emerge from the works between the two faculties and makes it possible for us to have knowledge of the phenomena. Responsible for our capacity to recognize what is good through the will, the Goodwill

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Goodwill

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The only thing good in-itself without qualification, when become fully functioning this is where the freedom is truly exercised because this is also when our reason is working to tell us what we ought to do

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Categorical Imperative

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"Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."

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“maxim”

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GENERAL TRUTH

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‘From Duty’

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When you are doing an action devoid of any feelings and emotions, morally worthy because you are morally worthy doing it from duty

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According to Duty

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Considering doing an action based on inclinations and feelings and it has no moral worth

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Teleological Ethics

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The end, goal, or purpose must be based on its consequences

The end justifies the means.

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Telos

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meaning end, goal, purpose

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Teleological Ethics

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Aims to examine the instrumental value of the act for the attainment of the desired consequences or purposes

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Utilitarian ETHICS

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Construed as the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness.

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Jeremy Bentham

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His assumption is that pleasure is quantifiable

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John Stuart Mill

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Proposed that there must be a difference not just in its quantity, but what is more important to consider is the quality of the pleasure

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INTELLECTUAL AND BODILY

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two kinds of pleasure

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INTELLECTUAL PLEASURE

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It feeds man's noble feelings, imaginations and moral sentiments

Intellectual, spiritual and moral pleasures

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BODILY PLEASURE

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Sensual indulgences or bodily gratifications

Appeals to lower faculties

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John Stuart Mill

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“better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”

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Virtue ETHICS

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Looks at the character that a person should possess for him or her to be considered virtuous. Character-based

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EUDAEMONIST

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The knowledge of the ultimate good, one will become wise and pursue goodness which will make him virtuous

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Wisdom, Temperance, Courage, and Justice

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VIRTUES AN IDEAL PERSON MUST POSSESS

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ENTELECHEIA

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Every individual has his own ________ or having own purpose, perfection or potential from within.

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ARISTOTLE

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"To live a life of virtue is through observing both moral and intellectual virtue"

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Intellectual, moral

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________ virtue will tell you what to do while the _________ virtue will tell you how to do it, in observing your mean

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ARISTOTLE

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"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit."

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AGENT BASED

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Has to do with kind of virtue exemplified by those we consider as role models of character we would like to emulate and become

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ETHICS OF CARE

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Highlighted the feminine virtues such as nurturing and caring. Taking care of others, patience and self-sacrifice