Philosophy Of Ethics

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The task of normative ethics is to describe various cultures' moral beliefs.

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false

Front 2

In Plato's story of the ring of Gyges, the ring had the power to make one invisible.

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true

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Plato says we should be moral because

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immorality is a disease of the inner person.

Front 4

A problem that the text raised with the divine command theory of ethics is that

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if moral goodness is defined in terms of God's will, it makes it meaningless to say God's will is good

Front 5

According to the divine command theory, God reveals to us, but does not determine, what is right and wrong.

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false

Front 6

In his dialogue Euthyphro, Plato took the position that the gods approve of certain actions because these actions are good.

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true

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According to Plato, the three parts of the self are

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the appetites, reason, and the spirited part.

Front 8

In the reading from Plato's Republic, Glaucon says that the reason to be moral is because

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of its social consequences.

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All religious philosophers necessarily hold to the divine command theory of ethics.

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false

Front 10

John Ladd uses the term "the dependency thesis" to refer to the claim that

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morality is dependent on the moral beliefs and practices of a particular society.

Front 11

According to Ruth Benedict, the statement "it is morally good" is synonymous with

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"it is a socially approved habit."

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Which of the following would be an example of subjective ethical relativism?

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Ernest Hemingwaythe SophistsJean-Paul Sartre

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Ruth Benedict's position was that of

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conventional ethical relativism

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Which of the following ethical theories would fit best with the claim that values are like flavors of ice cream, i.e., simply a matter of personal preference?

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Subjectivism

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James Rachels says that a consequence of cultural relativism is

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we could no longer say that the customs of other societies are morally inferior to our own.we could decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society.the idea of moral progress would be called into doubt.

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The reading by Herodotus illustrated the position of

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conventional ethical relativism

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Subjectivists and conventionalists in ethics agree that moral principles are relative to human opinion, but they disagree over whether this is individual opinion or societal opinion.

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true

Front 18

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed that all cultures have the same moral values

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false

Front 19

Which one of the following claims of the moral absolutist distinguishes this position from other forms of ethical objectivism

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moral principles cannot be overridden and cannot have any exceptions

Front 20

Ruth Benedict said that "normal" is defined as whatever a particular culture says is normal

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true

Front 21

In the reading by James Rachels, he criticizes the cultural differences argument by saying tha

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the premise concerns what people believe, but the conclusion concerns what really is the case

Front 22

In spite of the fact that Eskimos kill some of their babies, James Rachels says that their values are not all that different from our values

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true

Front 23

According to Ayn Rand, if an ethical egoist loved another person, the egoist would

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be pursuing his or her own interests

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According to your text, you can act in your own self-interest without being selfish

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true

Front 25

Which one of the following is an objection to psychological egoism raised by Bishop Butler?

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Personal satisfaction is often the consequence of getting what we desire, not its goal

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Which of the following claims would be that of a psychological egoist

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Everyone always acts so as to serve their own interests

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Psychological egoism is a theory about what we ought to do

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false

Front 28

Which of the following captures the relationship between ethical egoists and hedonists?

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Some ethical egoists are hedonists, and some hedonists are ethical egoists, but there are members of both groups that don't belong to the other.

Front 29

Ayn Rand was an ethical egoist but not a psychological egoist

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true

Front 30

According to your text, someone who embraces the philosophy of ethical egoism is by definition someone who wants to be the center of attention and who has an inflated ego

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false

Front 31

Which of the following claims would be that of a universal ethical egoist?

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Everyone ought to do what will serve his or her own interest.

Front 32

The paradox of hedonism is the fact that if your only goal is to find pleasure and happiness, you are unlikely to find it.

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true

Front 33

Ethical egoism logically implies that one should always avoid helping others.

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false

Front 34

A criticism of Ayn Rand's egoism made in the text is that

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it assumes a false dichotomy between pure ethical egoism and pure ethical altruism.

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Which of the following express(es) the relationship between psychological egoism and ethical egoism?

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It is possible to be a psychological egoist without being an ethical egoist.It is possible to be an ethical egoist without being a psychological egoist.Psychological egoism is frequently used to argue for ethical egoism.

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Ayn Rand believed that rational selfishness would lead to the best society.

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true

Front 37

The utilitarian rejects which of the following claims of the ethical egoist?

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People have a moral obligation only for their own happiness.

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Mill believes some pleasures are higher than others, whereas Bentham thinks pleasures differ only in quantity, there being no sense in trying to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures.

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true

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Teleological ethics is another name for deontological ethics.

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false

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In his article "Comparing Harms," Alastair Norcross argues that

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our society frequently chooses to sacrifice lives for the convenience of the many.

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Which of the following was not included in Bentham's hedonic calculus?

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Value: Is the pleasure a lower, physical pleasure or a higher, intellectual pleasure

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When John Stuart Mill said, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied," his point was that

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Some pleasures are qualitatively higher than others.

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Which of the following describes a major difference between Bentham's and Mill's ethics

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Bentham's was a quantitative hedonism and Mill held to a qualitative hedonism.

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Utilitarianism is not a form of ethical relativism because the utilitarian believes that

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Moral principles are objective even if their application is relative.

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According to Jeremy Bentham, we are governed by two sovereign masters, which are

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pain and pleasure.

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According to utilitarianism, the morality of a particular action can change over time if the consequences change.

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true

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Which of the following claims is not an implication of utilitarianism?

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One's own happiness must always be sacrificed for the happiness of others.

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According to the principle of utility, a morally right action is one that produces at least as much good (utility) for all people affected by the action as any alternative action that could be performed.

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true

Front 49

Jeremy Bentham accepted ethical egoism but rejected psychological egoism.

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false

Front 50

Both ethical egoists and utilitarians are consequentialists.

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true

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According to your text, the notions of justice and individual rights are the two main themes in utilitarianism

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false

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According to Kant, an action has moral worth if

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it is done from a sense of duty

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In Kant's ethics, a principle is universalizable if we could rationally will that everyone would act on it

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true

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According to Kant's philosophy, which of the following commands could be universalized?

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Always keep your promises.

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Kant says that it is impossible to treat others as both a means and an end.

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false

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According to Kant, every moral rule has its exceptions.

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false

Front 57

According to Kant, a work of art has ________ value, but people have ________ value.

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conditional/ absolute

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Which of the following is NOT a consequentialist theory of morality?

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Kantian ethics

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According to Kant, the only thing that has intrinsic value is pleasure.

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false

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According to Kant, the basis for the categorical imperative is

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Rational consistency.

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The second version of the categorical imperative says

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treat people as an end and never as a means only.

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W.D. Ross does not think prima facie duties can be ranked in terms of priority.

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true

Front 63

Immanuel Kant's ethics is an example of deontological ethics.

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true

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According to Kant's philosophy, the statement "If you want people to be good to you, you should be good to them" is

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a hypothetical imperative.

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According to Kant, unless doing your duty is something you enjoy, you are not acting morally

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false

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According to Kant, the morality of an action depends upon external circumstances and situations.

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false

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Kant believed that all true ethics was based on religion.

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false

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Universal ethical egoists, utilitarians, and Kantians all reject ethical relativism.

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true

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Kant rejected the notion that ethics was based on human psychology.

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true

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Kant believed it would be right to tell the truth even if we thought the consequences would be bad.

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true

Front 71

Immanuel Kant said that the only thing in the world that has an absolute, unqualified moral value is

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a good will

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According to the first version of Kant's categorical imperative, lying is always immoral because if your maxim "lie whenever you feel you need to" were to become a universal law

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you would no longer be able to achieve your goal by lying and the universal law would negate itself.

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Which of the following claims made by utilitarians would Kant reject?

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Ethics concerns only our relations with others, for we have no moral duties to ourselves.

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Which one of the following actions would have moral worth, according to Kant?

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Smith wants to lie in order to avoid an embarrassment but tells the truth anyway because it is the right thing to do.

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A prima facie duty is one that

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Is morally binding unless it conflicts with a more important duty.

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According to Kant, the statement "Be kind to others if you want others to be kind to you" is

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A hypothetical imperative.

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Whereas utilitarianism and Kant's ethics of duty concentrate largely on the ethics of conduct, virtue ethics focuses on the ethics of character.

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true

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According to Aristotle, our happiness is chiefly a matter of

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ulfilling our human function by guiding our lives with reason, developing both intellectual and moral excellence.

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According to Aristotle's theory, acquiring the moral virtues is a process of

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Imitation and practice, just as a musician gains a musical skill through imitation and practice.

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Which of the following best captures the notion of the moral virtue that is at the heart of Aristotle's doctrine of the mean?

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Moral virtue is the habit of rationally choosing just the right emotion or action for the circumstances, i.e., a balance between the extremes of too little and too much.

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Which of the following statements is implied by Aristotle's doctrine of the mean?

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What counts as a virtuous act in one circumstance may not be virtuous in another.

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In judging the morality of an action, Kant would disagree with Aristotle on which of the following points?

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It must result from an ingrained habit and involve the emotions

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According to Aristotle, the doctrine of the mean does not apply to the situation of

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the act of adultery.

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"The doctrine of the mean" refers to Aristotle's view that

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virtue is an intermediated position between two extremes.

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Aristotle says that to be a just person, it is not enough to act justly. You must also

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know what you are doing.deliberately choose the just action for its own sake.act on the basis of a firm and unchangeable character.

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In Michael Stocker's story concerning Smith's visit to the hospital, the problem with Smith's behavior, according to virtue ethics, is that Smith

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lacked the virtues of benevolence and compassion.

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In virtue ethics, the primary question in ethics is:

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What sort of person should I be?

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The ancient Greek philosopher who taught virtue ethics was

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Aristotle

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The utilitarian view of the role of a virtuous character in ethics is that it

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will make it more likely that the person will maximize the general good.

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hat is Aristotle's position on universal and objective moral principles?

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Their application will be different for different people and circumstances.

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Virtue ethics can be defined as that area of ethics that is concerned specifically with sexual morality.

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false