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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Web of Belief?
*Idol of the Tribe- perception can be faulty |
*Decartes- Radical doubt (doubt all beliefs at once, nothing was certain)
*core- beliefs more certain are close to the core *outside- beliefs are not quite certain, unsure of *Background information- all beliefs put together |
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Sources of Beliefs
1. Experts |
some areas are harder to find expertise in
•Appeal to authority: bad reasoning (questionable, or wrong) by authority figures |
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Sources of Beliefs
2. Personal Experience |
•Perception- seeing is believing (can’t always be trusted)
•Memory- remembering, bring expectations *Innumeracy- making a mistake with numbers *Gambler’s Fallacy- misunderstand the probability (lucky shirt) *Self-Deception- we believe what we want to believe *Availability Error- think it’s dangerous because you have info based on that |
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Sources of Information
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1.Oral Communication- not always a good source (may not be true)
2.Books 3.Media 4.TV- bias, not a good source, prevents us from a “worldview” 5.Internet- not a good source, bad websites |
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News-bias
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•entertainment
•“breaking news” •“human interest”-celebrities, car chases •“sound bites” •“Coming up Next” |
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Advertising
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•Purpose is to inform/ persuade
1.Promise ad/ Identification (person you want to be) |
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Techniques of advertsing
(Distortion, manipulation) |
1.Distortion- puffery (exaggeration) & Omission- (leaving something out)
•Fine print disclaimer •Fictionalization- (not real, go over the top) •Weasel Words- (puts weasel words in claims) •Proof Surrogate 2.Manipulation •Emotional Appeals •Bandwagon- trendy •Enviable Situations- impossible •Sex- sublimable •Jingles/ Slogans •Emotive Words- things that are positive (new and improved, natural) |
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•Genetic Fallacy
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looking at origins of a person
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•Composition Fallacy
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goes from parts to whole (what’s true of the parts is not true of the whole)
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•Division Fallacy
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true of the whole, not true of the parts
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•Adhominem
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personal attack to the person
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•Equivocation
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using something in two different senses
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•Appeal to Popularity
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just because everyone believes it to be true, doesn’t make it true
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•Appeal to Tradition
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because someone has done something for so long it should stay that way
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•Appeal to Ignoranc
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just because there is no proof then they believe it to be true, can’t prove a negative
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•Appeal to Pity/ Emotion
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you should feel sorry for the person
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•Red Herring
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talk about 2 different things
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•The Straw Man Argument
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weak, distorted argument (distorts, tweaks it)
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•Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning)
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restating the conclusion, leaving argument unanswered
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•False Dilemma (Black/White Reasoning)
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either/or, only 2 choices
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•Slippery Slope
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one thing leads to another to another
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Enumerative Induction
Inductive Generalization |
compare/make generalization from sample to a target
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Fallacy- Weak Analogy
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two things are totally different for each other
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Hasty Generalization
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jump to conclusion too quickly (one sample is not enough)
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Bias Generalization
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not representative of the group as a whole
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Explanations (tell why something happens)
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•Background information
•Evidence |
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Peirce’s Methods
1. Tenacity (wishful thinking) |
stick to what you believe, as long as you put it to practice
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Peirce’s Methods
2. Authority |
higher figures could be wrong and make mistakes, always question
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Peirce’s Methods
3. Intuition |
your feeling can be wrong, not giving into your desires
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Peirce’s Methods
4. Science |
strongest method, testable and fallible, explore everything like a scientist, they don’t prove anything
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Science-Criteria
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1.Testability- has to be testable, important for it to be wrong-
2.Fruitfulness- will it predict anything new, true 3.Scope- explains a lot of things (how wide the range is) 4.Simplicity- stick to established theories 5.Conservativism- stick w/ old theories as much as possible |
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Claim: Aliens exist/ Abduct
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Explanations
1.Missing time *lost track of time 2.Paralyzed in bed 3.Unusual markings *unnoticed bites, scratches, bruises 4.Metal under skin *splinter 5.Hypnosis *prompted memories |
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Science
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1.Observation
2.Hypothesis Formation 3.Experimentation 4.Verification |
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Pseudoscience
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any theory that doesn’t follow Scientific Method
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•Burden of Proof
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theory is extraordinary
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“Weird” Ideas/ Theories/ Claims
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•Appeal to Ignorance
•Logical Possibility: something could be the case •Physical Possibility |
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Judging Theories
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1.State claim/problem
2.Evidence 3.Alternative possibilities 4.Evaluate- Criteria of Adequacy |