Philosophy Midterm 1

Front 1

argument

Back 1

offers a conclusion and supports that conclusion with reason (premises)

Front 2

statements

Back 2

a claim that is true or false

Front 3

premises

Back 3

a statement that that supports or provides justification for the conclusion.

Front 4

deductive argument

Back 4

draws its conclusion from the premises by logical operations; it extracts from the premises a conclusion that is logically implied by the premises or already contained in the premises.

Front 5

inductive arguments

Back 5

uses the premises to draw a conclusion that goes beyond the premises; may make its conclusion highly probable but since the conclusion is not logically extracted from the premises, the conclusion is not established with logic certainty

Front 6

valid argument

Back 6

a deductive argument in which the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. If the premises are true than the conclusion must be true

Front 7

invalid argument

Back 7

when the premises are true and the conclusion is false

Front 8

sound

Back 8

it must be valid and all its premises may actually be true

Front 9

unsound

Back 9

if a deductive argument is invlaid and/or has one or more false premises

Front 10

strong

Back 10

inductive argument the premises of which (if they were true) would make the conclusion very probable.

Front 11

cognent

Back 11

an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.

Front 12

uncognent

Back 12

and inductive argument that is not strong or it has false premises.

Front 13

convergent

Back 13

premises support the conclusion independently ; if one fails the others may still offer significant reasoning.

Front 14

linked

Back 14

premises linked together in such a way that if one fails they all fail.

Front 15

conjunction

Back 15

&; true when both the conjunts are true, otherwise everything is false

Front 16

Disjunction

Back 16

v; (or) always true unless both disjunts are false

Front 17

Negation

Back 17

~ opposite (not statement)

Front 18

conditional

Back 18

-> (if,then) always true except when its antecedent is true and the consequent is false

Front 19

biconditional

Back 19

<--> (if and only) true when both components have the same truth value