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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dual aspect theory is the same as ___ and was named by ___.
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dualism
Nagal |
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What is Dualism, essentially?
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The mind and brain are different substances.
(Mind- Nonphysical, Brain - Physical) |
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What is Reductive Materialism?
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The mind is identical to the brain.
(Mental states are the SAME as the brain) |
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"The mind is identical to the brain" is what philosophy?
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reductive material
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"The mind and brain are different substances" is what philosophy?
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dualism
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Another word for materialism is ___.
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physicalism
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What is Functionalism, essentially?
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(type of materialism)
The mind is a function of the brain. The essence of of a mental state is the role it plays in a system |
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Under functionalism, the essence of a mental state is what?
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the role it plays in the system
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What is eliminative materialism?
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only brain states exist. there are no mental states.
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"Only brain states exist. there are no mental states." is which philosophy?
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eliminative materialism
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Who is the head dualist?
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Decartes
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What does Descartes think he is?
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A thinking thing.
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p.266
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Things Descartes is not:
"I shall exercise.." He is not these things because they can be doubted. |
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Why does Descartes say he can doubt that he's a body or a brain of wind?
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Because he believes the MIND is the only thing you can't doubt.
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Describe Descartes three arguments for dualism?
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1. I can doubt the brain exists.
I can not doubt the mind arguments Therefore, the brain is not the mind. 2. The mind and body have different attributes, so they can't be the same.) 3. Brain can be divided, mind can't. |
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What does Descartes say about the nature of things that change shape?
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They are still the same thing, taking up space.
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What does Descarte see as Substance?
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"An entity that needs no other entity to exist"
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What does Descartes see as Attribute?
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Any one essential property of a Substance
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What does Descartes see as a Mode?
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A modification of a substance attribute.
(ex. "Blue". Blue itself does not exist, but it can modify things. A blue flower, a blue table, etc..) |
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What does Descartes say the Attribute of Mind is?
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Thought
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What does Descartes say the Attribute of Body?
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Extension in space.
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3 examples of "Modes of Thought"?
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idea, image, emotion
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3 examples of "Modes of Body"?
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size, shape, motion
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What is Descartes second argument for dualism?
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The mind and body have different attributes, so they can't be the same. (269, "Because I...without it")
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What are Descartes arguments for Dualism?
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EDIT IN ALL 3 - ASK teacher
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What is Searle's position?
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A robot will never have mind or intentions
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What is Descartes' third argument for Dualism?
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The brain can be divided, but the mind can't be.
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Who wrote "The Concept of Mind"?
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Ryle
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Who coined the term "Ghost in the Machine"?
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Ryle
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What is "Ghost in the Machine" essentially?
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A derogatory term at dualism
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What does Ryle think of Dualism?
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Not a fan.
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Ryle says Dualists are claiming that ___.
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there are 2 collective histories: internal and external
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What is "The problem of other minds"?
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Ryle says this is a problem for dualists:
You only have access to your own mind, and you can't confirm that other people have mental states. |
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What are zombies?
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"An entity physically identical to a human that has no mental states."
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How does Searle back up his argument?
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chinese room experiment
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What does Ryle claim Dualism commits?
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A category mistake
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What is a category mistake?
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edit
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Name two examples of category mistakes.
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1. The "University" example
2. The "military division parade" If you don't know them, add the details here. |
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What does Ryle say is the big flaw in dualism?
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a category mistake
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What is Churchland's article doing?
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Pros and cons of reductive materialism and eliminative materialism
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READ THE CHURCHLAND THING
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READ THE CHURCHLAND THING, focus on :reductive materialism
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Churchland's argument for reductive materialism?
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For:
-Physical origins -Evolution - |
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What is Leibiz's Law?
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X is identical to Y
IFF X and Y have ALL and ONLY the same properties. |
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How does Churchland use Leibiz's Law?
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If brain and mind were identical, they'd have to have the same properties.
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What is the Knowledge Argument?
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295 (Pro Dualism) about "red"
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What is the Knowledge Argument example?
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Mary the neuroscientologist who studies color vision, knows everything, but grew up in a black and white envrironment.
Then, she sees color one day. She learns something. So, "physical knowledge doesn't teach you everything". |
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What is Qualia?
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Qualitative aspects of conscious experience.
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What is the Chinese robot argument?
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Churchland's argument that a bunch of people drivine a robot is not consciousness.
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What books did Nagal write?
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"Moral Questions" and "The view"
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How does NAgel define consciosuness?
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An entity or state IFF there is something to be like that entity.
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What is Nagel's essential point?
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the view that objective perspectives is best, is wrong. Increased objectivity takes us further from its real nature.
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How did Nagel's support his argument?
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1. The bat example: You only know how to be a bat after trying it ECHOLOCATION
2. We need subjective facts as well. |
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What is Searle's argument?
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Strong AI does not have a mind or intentions.
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How does Searle defend his argument?
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1. Chinese room experiment: It doesn't matter how good gets, he is not understanding what he does.
2. Machines lack intentionality. 3. Machines have syntax but no semantics. |
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What is Ryle's argument?
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Dualism is wrong and there is no ghost in the machine.
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How does Ryle defend his argument?
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- It is all a category mistake to think of the mind as an additional part.
- ghost in the machine - only we have privelaged acess to our minds |
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What is the teleological argument?
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the argument for the existence of god based on the assumption that order in the universe implies an orderer and cannot be a natural feature of the universe.
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Who wrote "Natural Theology"?
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Paley
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What was Paley's argument?
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The teleological argument
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How does Paley defend his argument?
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1. The found-watch.
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What were Paley's argument for the watchmaker theory?
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a. Doesn't matter if you've never seen one.
b. Doesn't matter if you don't know hat it's for. c. You need intelligence for design. d. maybe the watch was made by laws of nature? Requires law. |
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What does "telos" in "teleological" mean?
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an end-purpose goal
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What is Hume's argument?
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Teleological argument is wrong.
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Who wrote "Dialogues concerning natural religion"?
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Hume
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Hume was a ___.
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skeptic.
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Who were the 3 characters of Hume's work?
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Cleanthes :teleological
Demea: rationalist Philo : skeptic |
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What are Hume's arguments against teleological argument?
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1. God can't be infinitely powerful because the universe isn't infinite
2. God can't be perfect because the university is imperfect 3. God could have taken the idea of the universe 4. There could be multiple Gods |
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What was Anselm's definition of God?
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1. No greater being could be conceived
2. Greatest POSSIBLE being 3. ALL powerful. |
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How can we disprove something is God?
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Something more powerful but be conceivable.
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How did Anselm go about proving God exists?
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THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT with AD ABSURDIUM:
1. God does not exist. 2. God exists in understanding. 3. God in reality would be better than understood God. 4. IF he exists only in understanding he both the greatest and not greatest being. 5. God exists. |
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What was a criticism of ANselm's argument?
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Gaunilo said you can use Anselm's argument to create a perfect island or anything.
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What is Johnson's issue?
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The problem of evil.
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How does Johnson defend his argument?
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- The problem of evil
- Babyin a fire - Natural evil (is not man's fault) -higher morality. (begs the question) |
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Essay
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1. Does God exist?
a. While God may or may not exist, the arguments for an against it are all incomplete. 2. For God a. Paley’s watch i. Flawed because the universe is NOT ordered (random particle movement) b. Anselm’s perfect God i. Could be used to describe anything perfect 3. Against God a. Problem of Evil i. Morality is not definite, therefore whatever morality God chooses is inherently right. ii. It’s possible that God set the motion into universe but plays inactive role. |
