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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the entomology of "philosophy"?
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philo-love
sophia-wisdom |
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What are the 4 major branches of philosophy?
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1 Logic
2 Epistemology 3 Metaphysics 4 Ethics |
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What is Logic philosophy
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Nature of rational thought
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What is Epistemology philosophy
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nature of knowledge
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What is metaphysics philosophy
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nature of reality
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What is an argument?
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A collection of propositions intended to establish a claim.
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What is a proposition?
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a claim with a truth value
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How do you determine if a sentence is a proposition?
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Can it be true or false?
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Premises can take one of 2 roles. What are they
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premise
conclusion |
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What is a premise?
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a proposition that serves us an assumption in an argument.
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What is a conclusion?
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a proposition intended to follow as a consequence of the premises in an argument
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All arguments have both a ___ and a ___
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premise and a conclusion
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What is an inference?
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The process of reasoning from premises to conclusions.
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What are some words that imply a conclusion?
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Hence, Thus, Therefore
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Example of petio princippi?
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God <->Bible
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What implies there are only two alternatives?
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False Dilemna
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What cites a negative consequence that might not occur?
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slippery slope
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What attacks a weakened version of a position?
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strawman
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What attacks the origin of an argument?
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genetic fallacy
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What assumes causation where there is only evidence of temporal succession?
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post-hoc ergo propter hoc, (false cause, the boy-rooster-sun)
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What is the appeal to force or threat?
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Ad baculum
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What is an analogy that does not share essential features?
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faulty analogy
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What is an inductive argument with a sample class that is too small?
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hasty generalization
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What is appealing to a majority opinion in a matter of fact?
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Ad Populum
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Name the 3 greek philosophical guys
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Socrates>Plato>Artistotle
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What did Socrates focus on?
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ethics
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Socrates' lifespan?
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470-399 B.C.
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Who did Socrates marry?
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Xanthippe
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How many books did Socrates write?
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None, he never wrote books.
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Why was Socrates put on trial?
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.1 Atheism
2. Corrupting the youth |
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How did the jury vote on Socrates?
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281-220
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How did the jury vote on Socrates' execution itself?
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360-141
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What did Socrates propose as his sentencing?
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death
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Socrates' big quote?
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The unexamined life is not worth living
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What does Edwards think about an afterlife?
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Body dies, soul dies.
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What does Plato think about an afterlife?
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Body Dies, Soul survives
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What does Hick think about an afterlife?
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Body dies, soul survives, body reconstitutes.
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What is 4-dimensionalism?
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past, present, and future all happening simulataneously.
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What was Pluto's real name?
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Artistocles
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Where did Plato's name come from?
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It was his wrestling name.
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Why did Plato hate democracy?
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He thinks mob rule led to Socrates' death.
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What arguments did Plato use to support that the body dies but the soul survives?
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1. The "User" argument
2. A person is one of 3 things: body, soul, or both...and it's not body, so it can't be both. 3. Something can't be broken down more than into parts, and the soul is one part. |
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What is Plato's user argument?
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1. User is ALWAYS different from what he uses.
2. A person uses his body. 3. A person is not his body. |
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What did Edwards believe about the afterlife?
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Body dies, soul dies.
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How does Edwards support his argument?
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1. Pointing to Alzheimers, "body and soul are dependent"
2. Denies Agnostics by saying "not knowing" is the same as pan-psychism 3. Rejects that the soul is not the mind because without consciousness you aren't you. |
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What does Hicks believe about the afterlife?
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Body dies, soul survives, body comes back
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Decarte is a ___.
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rationalist
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What is rationalism?
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the view that some knowledge is based on reason alone.
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What is empericism?
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the view that all knowledge is based on experience
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What is the view that some knowledge is based on reason alone?
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rationalism
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What is the view that all knowledge is based on experience?
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empericism
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Plato was a ___.
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rationalist.
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Opposite of Rationalism?
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Empericism
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Who is the father of empericism?
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John Locke
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John Locke's life time?
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1632-1704
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What are Locke's big works?
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-Two treaties on Government
-An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Both written in 1689 |
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When did Locke write his two treaties on government?
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1689
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When did Locke write his "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"?
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1689
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John Locke was a(n) ____.
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empericist.
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What are Locke's goals?
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1. Find the origin of our knowledge
2. Find the limits of our knowledge. |
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What are Innate Ideas?
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Beliefs that we are born with
(Locke attacks these) |
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Who attacks Innate Ideas?
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Locke.
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191, book 1 section 1
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"it is an establish...
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Basic Locke Ideas:
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-Empericist
- Wanted to find origin and limits of our knowledge - didnt support innate ideas |
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Rules of Innate ideas
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1. Whatever is, is. (If P, then P)
2. The law of non-contradiction |
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What is the law of non-contradiction?
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something can not be, and not be,something at the same time.
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Locke says, just because there is universal consent, ___.
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that doesn't make it innate.
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Locke says about universal consent, ___.
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it ISN'T universal. Kids and Idiots.
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Justification of a belief is ___.
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not the origin of the belief.
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Where knowledge comes from is different than ___.
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the justification for it.
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Locke believes all our knowledge comes from ____
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experience
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How do we obtain experience, according to Locke?
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1. Sensation (experience of something)
2. Reflection (considering the experiences we have, or remembering it) |
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What does Locke say an Idea is?
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any conscious mental state.
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What does Locke say a Quality is?
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the power to produce an idea.
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What are Primary Qualities? (according to Locke)
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-Size
-Shape -Motion -Solidity |
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What are Secondary Qualities?
(according to Locke) |
-Color
-Sound -Taste -Warmth |
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David Hume lifetime
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1711-1776
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David Hume was a ___.
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empiricist.
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Hume believes if you push empiricism to its logical conclusion, you get ___.
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local skepticisim
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What did Hume write?
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Treatise on Human Nature (failure)-1739
-An Enguiry Concerning Human Understanding 1748 |
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What year did Hume write Treatise on Human Nature?
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1739
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What did Hume believe in theology?
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atheist.
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Hume and ___ lived together and hated it.
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Rousseau
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Hume believes the 2 kinds of experiences are
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-Impressions
-Ideas |
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Locke Hume
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-Sensations -Impressions
-Reflections -Ideas |
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___ and ___ believed in empericisim
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Locke and Hume
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What does Hume say impressions are?
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sensations
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Hume says the only difference between sensations and reflections are ___.
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intensity (remember, this is about experience and thinking about the experiences, not primary-secondary sensations)
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How did Hume say you should address what you might be bullshit?
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Ask "from what impression is that derived"? If there's no experience, then it's bullshit.
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******What are the 4 parts of Hume's argument about cause and effect?
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*****
1. All objects of reason either relations of ideas, or matters of fact. 2. Belief in causation is not a relation of Ideas. 3. Belief in causation is not a matter of fact. 4. Therefore, there is no rational basis for the belief in causation. |
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Essentially, what was Hume's argument about Cause/Effect?
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1. All objects of reason are relaton of ideas or matters of fact.
2-3 Belief in causation is not either. 4. there is no rational basis for belief in causation. |
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What are relations of ideas?
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1. True by definition
2. Negative implies a contradiction 3. Predicate is contained in subject |
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What are Matters of Facts?
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1. Based on experience
2. Negation does not imply a contradiction 3. predicate is not contained with in subject. |
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Example of Matters of Fact?
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The cat is on the mat.
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Examples of relations of ideas?
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The bachelor is unmarried.
1. True by definition 2. Negation implies contradiction ("married bachelor" 3. Predicate is contained in subject. |
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Exaple of matters of fact?
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The cat is on the mat
1. Being on the mat is not part of the cat. 2. Negation is not a contradiction (cat can be on or off mat) 3. Predicate not part of subject. |
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Hume argues that belief in causation is not a relation of ideas, because ___.
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We can imagine the billiardballs having alternate effects without implying contradiction (?)
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How does Hicks support his argument?
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By the use of Plato's "soul can't be destroyed, parts" argument, and
"conscious experiences have different levels of intensity" |
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What does Hicks think about parapsychology?
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It can't be used to communicate with the dead, only pick up on telepathic information
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Who is "The Father of Modern Philosophy"?
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Descartes
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When did Descartes live
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1596-1650
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What was Descartes goal?
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Creation of a science mixing math and science
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What is scientia?
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Descartes' idea of an ever-lastign science.
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What is the "Method of Doubt"?
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Descartes' method to use skepticism against itself. Assume everything is false until proven otherwise.
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What does the method of doubt believe about senses?
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Don't trust them.
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What is the "evil genius"?
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The argument that Descarte uses to establish that even if an evil diety was out to deceive him, he would still exist, for to be deceived is to be something deceiveable.
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How did Descarte defeat the evil genius?
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"I am, I exist."
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What does Hume ultimately say about cause and effect?
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We believe it only because we expect it, out of habit. But it's irrational.
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Who supposes the JTB theory?
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Hospers
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Who supposes "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact"?
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Hume
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Who argued for primary and secondary qualities?
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Locke
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217 frosty
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frosty
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Who wrote Libertarianism, a poltiical philosophy for tomorrow?
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Hospers
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What are the 3 uses Hosper suggests of "know"?
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1. Know who (acquantaince)
2. Know how (ability) 3. Know that (propositional) |
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What are the 3 conditions of propositional knowledge?
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A person "S" knows that 'P' iff
1. P is true 2. S believes that P 3. S is justified in believing P |
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What is the JTB theory?
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Knowledge equals true belief, established by the 3 conditions of propositional knowledge
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What is Strong Knowledge?
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Absolute certainty
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What is weak knowledge?
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JTB theory
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flat tire example hospers
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flat tire example
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What did Gettier say?
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JTB theory is incomplete.
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What is Gettier's strategy against the JTB?
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Saying something is missing.
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What is Gettier's example of JTB theory flaw?
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Jones is The man who will get the job has 10 coins. Jones dies, ...something? ON SHEET
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Who supposes the JTB theory?
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Hospers
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Who supposes "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact"?
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Hume
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Who argued for primary and secondary qualities?
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Locke
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217 frosty
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frosty
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Who wrote Libertarianism, a poltiical philosophy for tomorrow?
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Hospers
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What are the 3 uses Hosper suggests of "know"?
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1. Know who (acquantaince)
2. Know how (ability) 3. Know that (propositional) |
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What are the 3 conditions of propositional knowledge?
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A person "S" knows that 'P' iff
1. P is true 2. S believes that P 3. S is justified in believing P |
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What is the JTB theory?
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Knowledge equals true belief, established by the 3 conditions of propositional knowledge
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What is Strong Knowledge?
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Absolute certainty
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What is weak knowledge?
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JTB theory
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