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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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St. Thomas Aquinas
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He was born on 1225 in Roccasecca City, Lazio Region, Italy who is a 7th son to Teodora and Landolfo, Count of Aquino. When he was 5 years old, he was sent to the monastery and he got attracted to the Dominican Friars' way of life in a nearby monastery and decided to enter in order. Unfortunately, his brothers kidnapped him in hopes of bringing him into a quit and they held him at Roccasecca for more than a year. Until one night, his brothers send the very beautiful girl to him that leads to lust and temptation but he frightened her away and manage to escape and went to Paris. In 1244 or 1245, in Cologne, St. Thomas was placed under Albert Magnus, the most renowned professor of the order. Because of his humility/humbleness and well-behaved attitude, he was called a "Dumb Ox" by his fellows but Albert believes that in one day, Thomas's doctrine will resound throughout the world. When St. Thomas become one of the most influential theologians of all time, Albert's prediction came true. Thomas left a huge literary legacy. Its vastness was considered to be the most remarkable because no one could even think that it was all composed within a 20-year span only.
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Philosophy and Theology played complementary roles
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1. Begins with the object of sense experience to the reasons upward to more general conceptions to the conception of God.2. Begins with faith in God.3. Interprets all things as God's creatures.
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The nature of God and his role in the human person
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Human beings are incapable of knowing the nature of God in this life because our knowledge is limited by its origin in in sense-experience. The divine reality is far above the capability of human understanding. It is a natural function of the human mind to link effects which it encounters in nature to their causes.
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5 Ways to prove God's existence
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1. Unmoved mover - sense experience of motion or change in the universe.2. Uncaused cause - nature of the efficient cause.3. Necessary being - brings contingent being (which is easily come into and eventually passed out of existence) into life.4. Gradation of perfection - some things are better than the others, and there are also things which are less good than the others.5. Governance of the world - things in the world act towards the certain end.
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The 5 ideas of the nature of God
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God is............1. Powerful2. Eternal3. Seen as pure actuality4. Seen as the perfect goodness5. Seen as the supreme intelligence of all things
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The nature of the human person
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1. Why did God created the whole world? Out of his goodness.2. Humans has both its source and ultimate end in God.3. God is not only the final end of human beings but also, he is the very ground of existence.4. Human person is also to be considered good because the creator is Summum Bonum.5. Man was created Imago Dei.6. The human person should follow his nature as good in order to achieve the purpose of his existence.7. Doing evil therefore is not in accordance to the real nature of a human person.8. Because of the privation inherent and unavoidable in creatures of different grades and goodness.
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How does one do a morally good act
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Whenever a person is faced with a particular situation, the voice of conscience will therefore serve as a natural guide in making a moral decision.
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Happiness
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Contemplating God and not the goods of the body.
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The 5 moral principles of a human person
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1. The Principle of Double effect2. The Principle of Totality3. The Principle of Stewardship4. The Principle of Inviolability of life5. The Principle of Sexuality and Procreation
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The 6 rights and duties of a human person
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1. The Right to Life2. The Right to Private Property3. The Right to Marriage4. The Right to Physical Freedom/Personal Liberty5. The Right to Worship6. The Right to Work
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St. Augustine
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A colossus bestriding 2 worlds. He synthesizes early Christian theology with his own understanding of Platonic philosophy. a son of a Pagan, Patricius who was later converted to Christianity. He was raised but not baptized as a Christian. He went to Cartage to study rhetoric and later on became a teacher. He lived for the years with a woman who is not his legal wife and who bore a child named Adeodatus which means God-given.
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Manicheans
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A Gnostic religion of the late antiquity, founded and spread by the Persian, Mani. Augustine was attracted to the Manicheans because they were boastful of their capacity to provide Augustine with the truth.
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Permanent conflict between 2 eternal principles
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1. Good and Evil2. Light and Darkness3. Soul and Body
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Manichaeism
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There is an irreconcilable antagonism between the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness.
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Dualism
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Each individual person is at once a son or daughter of light and darkness.
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Zoroastrism
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A modern version of this is genetic determinism.
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Gnosticism
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It tries to geneticize or medicalize evil, so the suspect/victimizer is no longer a person but a disease or pathology caused by genes or Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
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Skeptics
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They are called academics.
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Skepticism
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They are wiser than the rest since they were on the belief that we ought to doubt everything, and no truth can be comprehended by human beings.
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Augustine's View on the Human Person (Part 1)
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His philosophy is said to be eudaimonistic in character because it takes happiness as a be-all and the end-all of the human being. Happiness could only be attained in God alone. For him, God is the creator of all things and he created everything out of nothing/Ex Nihilo. Augustine believes that God as dictated by the aid of the light of Divine Revelation, is the living personal God, the creator of all things and the supreme ruler of the universe. God is an absolute will, intelligence, freedom, good and holiness. God cannot will evil and has no beginning and no end. God creates the world out of love and God is love. He considered the human person as an imago dei because the human person bears the image of God and the human person's crowning glory resides in his being an imago dei. He also consists morality in the constant imitation of the divine model, which is God.
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Societal Dimension
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A society unified by love. Everyone should give due lobe and respect to everyone because they too have been created in the image of God.
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Philosophy of Love
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Love is the primary reason for one's existence and the source of meaning of life. Human beings will always have the tendency to love because of his/her incompleteness.
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Augustine's View on the Human Person (Part 2)
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All created things are objects of love. Everything that people will love will certainly provide for them satisfaction and happiness. All things in the world are good because they came from God who is goodness himself. Hence all created things are good so nothing is evil in itself.
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The concept of evil
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Evil is not an existing reality. It is a deprivation of something. Evil is disharmony with other things. People do evil because they were placed in situations where there are alternatives. Hence the life of a person is a matter of choosing. The turning away from God and the turning to God are not forced acts.
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Voluntary Act
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Evil or sin are the products of the will.
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St. Augustine's View on Happiness
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1. Every human person will always be in constant search for happiness that will satisfy his/her own desires.2. Hence he/she will be seeking for the goods such as wealth, beauty, fame and power.3. However none of these will give human person the real happiness.4. Augustine held that each person is made in such a way that they will only obtain the true happiness in God.5. Hence, the indispensable means to obtain happiness is the love of God.6. This will therefore be the purpose of the existence of every human person.
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Doctrine of disordered love
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The human person's desire towards the good may also lead him to the possibility that he may choose to turn away from good and cling instead to the goods of the earth.
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John Locke's Philosophy of a Human Person
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His preoccupation was to set an inquiry about the origin, certainty and extent of human knowledge. All of our ideas come from experience. He was known to be the founder of empiricism which ideas come from experience.
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Empiricism
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Philosophy of the winners/champions; experiment or trial; direct observation or experimentation.
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Tabula Rasa
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A blank state of mind where in the beginning of each person's mind, nothing exist that was not first in the senses or nothing has never been written yet.
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External Experience/Sensation
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Sound, color, texture and motion.
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Internal Experience/Reflection
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Understanding the operation of the spirit on the objects of sensation. e.g. knowing, doubting and believing.
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Simple Ideas
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Ideas which are received passively by the mind.
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Complex Ideas
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Simple ideas put together by the mind.
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3 Types of Perception
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1. Intuitive Knowledge - clearest and the most certain of all knowledge.2. Demonstrative Knowledge - our minds try to discover the agreement and the disagreement of ideas.3. Sensitive Knowledge - gives us the degree of knowledge but not certainty.
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The Moral Theory of John Locke
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John Locke's ideas are the foundation of Declaration of Independence. Locke believed that it would be advantageous to human individuals to contract among themselves and establish a state to govern them.
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Natural Law and Natural Rights
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Man has a natural right to life, liberty and poverty. Locke asserts that men in the state of nature are free and equal, and at liberty to do as they wish--but only "within the bounds of the law of nature."
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State of Nature
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People tend to live together without a common superior on earth who has the authority to judge between them. It is the absence of rules, laws and government.
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Trade State of Nature of Government
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State of nature can easily turn into the state of war, in which nobody's life, liberty and/or property is safe so give up some liberties to leave the state of nature and form a civil society to form a government where you give you executive power to punish people who mess with your life, liberty and property.
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Social Contract
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Forming a government to protect yourself from violence of the state of nature.
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Property
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People's lives, liberty and estates.
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Consent
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Contract between person and person, not between person and ruler.
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Relationship of Trust
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Locke held that the relationship between the person and the ruler.
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John Locke's 3 Kinds of Laws
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1. Law of Opinion - represents the society's opinion as to what kind of behavior that will lead the human person to obtain happiness.Corresponding Term: Virtue - the action that conforms to this law.2. Civil Law - law that is set by the people and enforced by the courts to obtain the desired happiness.3. Divine Law - the true rule of the human behavior. This law can be known either through our own reason or by divine relation where its source is coming from the bible. Locke held that the foundation of morality is the divine law. Hence,the law of opinion and the civil law should therefore be made in conformity with the divine law.
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The Discrepancy between 3 Kinds of Laws
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Because of a man's tendency to choose immediate pleasures at the expense of a more lasting value.
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Immanuel Kant
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He was a German philosopher (1724 - 1804, exactly 80 years old) and he looked at deciding what is right and wrong in a different way from utilitarianism. He was a non-consequentialist who did not believe that looking at the consequences of an action was how to decide whether it was right or wrong. He focuses on motives, rules and the way we treat people. Kant believed that the consequences of actions could not be used to decide what was right because consequences were not totally within our control and that being moral was something we did as rational human beings and was something we did as rational human being. If morality was the choice of rational human beings it hardly seemed right to decide whether someone was acting in the right way by looking at things they couldn't control.
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Deontologism
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Act of duty or obligation which derives from the words, "Deontos" means duty, "Logos" means study and its suffix "-ism" means state of being in one's attitude.
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Kantian ethics
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The rightness and wrongness of an action is determined by the motive regardless of the consequences. He said that the only reason which counts as a moral one is to act out of duty. The person who helps other people out of a sense of duty without any feeling, care, compassion or sympathy is morally superior to the person who performs the same action while motivated by sympathy.
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Acting out of duty
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It is an acting only because you know that is the right thing to do, not from any other motive. Kant thinks that duty is all-important because acting out of duty is totally under our control. An action must be done from duty in order to have any moral worth. Duty is binding in me whether I like it or not.
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Kant's Concept of Morality
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1. How can a human person know his/her duty in a given situation?2. How can he/she know that he/she is acting accordingly?3. Is other a test for determining what a person's duty will be under a particular set of circumstances?
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Categorical Imperative
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There are commands that are hypothetical imperatives. These have conditions attached to them...only obligate the one who wishes for that particular goal. It is a command. It tells how a fully rational being would act irrespective of desires or preferences. This command applies unconditionally.
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2 Formulas for Categorical Imperatives
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1. Universal Moral Law - the idea here is you should only do things which it would make, sense to apply to everyone. You should only do the things that you would make a moral law for everyone.2. "Always treat humanity, whether in yourself or in other people, as an end in itself and never as a mere means." - Immanuel KantWe must not manipulate people or turn them to our own purposes.
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Utilitarianism
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The greatest good of the greatest number. Pleasure and happiness are what everyone desires. It upholds the idea that the morally best act is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness with everyone considered.
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Utilitarianism's Dream
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It brings us scientific certainty to ethics.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Born in Red Lion Street, Houndsditch Prefecture, London, UK on 1748 and died at the age of 85. He believed that they to increase the overall amount of pleasure in the world.
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Hedons
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Standard unit of pleasure.
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Dolors
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Standard unit of pain.
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