Philosophy - Immanuel Kant

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What is the Kantian Problem

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two different approaches to philosophy Empiricism vs. Rationalism

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Kant wrote what book

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The Critique of Pure reason

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Rationalism only tool is

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Reason

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2 types of Knowledge

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a priori & a posteriori

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A priori knowledge is

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pure and independent of experience the source is pure reason and cannot BE otherwise

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What are the criteria for a priori knowledge

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necessity (notwendigkeit) and universality (algemeinheit)

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Necessity and Universality cannot be

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derived from experience

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Examples of concepts than cannot be derived from experience

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space, time, substance

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Examples of judgements that cannot be derived from experience

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mathematical propositions, all effects have causes

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Rationalism claims to

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go beyond all possible experience and discern the nature of reality – the soul the self etc..

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Cause and effect is not part of

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rationalism

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A posteriori knowledge is

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sourced in experience

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An example of a posteriori knowledge is

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Louise has fleas

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An example of a priori knowledge is

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all pediatricians are doctors

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Two types of judgements

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analytic and synthetic

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What are the properties of an analytic judgement

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the predicate is contained in the subject and is purely explicative and is deduced from principle of non-contradiction

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All pediatricians are doctors is an example of what type of judgement

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analytic

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All effects have causes is an example of what type of judgement

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analytic

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What are the properties of a synthetic judgement

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the predicate is separate from the subject, is genuinely informative and must be justified by outside principle

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Louise has fleas is an example of what type of judgement

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synthetic

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All events have causes is an example of what type of judgement

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synthetic

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What are the characteristics of analytic a priori statements

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logical truths & matters of definition. Statement is necessarily true

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What are the characteristics of an analytic a posteriori statement

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cannot happen – there is no need to justify an explicative judgment by appealing to experience

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What are the characteristics of a synthetic a priori statement

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this is a crucial case. Only those can provide genuine information that is necessary & universally true

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What are the characteristics of a synthetic a posteriori statement

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everyday non-controversial propositions based in experience

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An example of an analytic a priori statement

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all effects have causes

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An example of a synthetic a priori statement

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all events have causes

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An example of an analytic a posteriori statement

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there isn’t one – there is no need to justify a universal truth with experience.

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An example of a synthetic a posteriori statement

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Louise has fleas

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Transcendental categories

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aesthetic and analytic

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Transcendental aesthetic categories are

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of intuition (sensibility) and include space, time

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Transcendental analytic categories are

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of understanding and include quantity, quality, relation and modality

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The transcendental analytic category of understanding/quantity includes

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unity, plurality, totality

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the transcendental analytic category of understanding/quality includes

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reality, negation, limitation

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the transcendental analytic category of understanding/relation includes

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substance, cause, community

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the transcendental analytic category of understanding/modality includes

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possibility, existence, necessity

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what is made possible by the categories of transcendental analytic understanding

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synthetic unity of the sensory manifold (many and various)

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transcendental unity of apperception

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agent of perception, self

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transcendental unity of imagination

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principle of creativity/freedom

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Phenomena

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world of experience

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Nomena

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thing in itself

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Practical reason

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inclination cannot supply basis for morality

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Duty supplies basis for

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Practical reason

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Good will is the only thing

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inherently good

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What are the 2 imperatives

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hypothetical and categorical

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To accomplish x do y applies to which imperative

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hypothetical

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Do x applies to which imperative

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categorical

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Recite the Categorical Imperative

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act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become universal law