Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two components of Epistemic Normativity?
|
Values and belief formation that will likely yield the truth.
|
|
|
What is the definition of knowledge?
|
Justified true belief
|
|
|
What kind of Position does Descartes take?
|
Scepticism
|
|
|
What is the Brain in the Vat proposition?
|
A sceptical argument which proposes that we are just brains that are being controlled by a mad scientist
|
|
|
What is the difference between Descartes Foundationalism and Locke's?
|
Locke believes that "super structure" beliefs can be formed from a base belief, while Descartes believes that only inductive arguments can be made from synthetic a priori beliefs
|
|
|
What is the point of the Evil demon argument?
|
To create a basis for synthetic a priori arguments
|
|
|
What kind of epistemologist was Locke?
|
An empricist, meaning that we get our knowledge from experience.
|
|
|
Define Scepticism
|
Regress of justification
|
|
|
How do you get into a sceptical argument?
|
Come up with a sceptical argument that is consistent with epistemic positions
|
|
|
Define Moderate Rationalist and Moderate Empiricist
|
Synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, but there might not be a lot of it so a moderate rationalist does not deny empirical knowledge.
A Moderate empiricist says that analytic a priori knowledge is possible bu the vast majority of knowledge is made up by experience. |
|
|
What is internalist justification?
|
Justified in terms of belief that are internal to the agent. The agent should be able to give reasons that justify a belief
|
|
|
What is Locke's representationalism?
|
There are things with primary qualities int the world, which creates stimuli, which then goes on to make more knowledge
|
|
|
What does Rachels say about Cultural Ethical Relativism?
|
He says that CER will mean that ethics will not be able to improve, and that there are bad implications. And with context what appear to be different ethics are just different situations. Also that most differences are just differences in belief
|
|
|
What are the three theories of normative ethics?
|
Aristotle's virtue ethics, Bentham and utilitarianism and Kant's Daeontology
|
|
|
What is the main focus of Aristotle's ethics?
|
He focuses on the character of people, rather then their actions. So a mean person can do one nice thing and still be mean.
|
|
|
What must one do to be an ethical person according to Aristotle?
|
Learn by doing, there are no strict "rules" to ethics, you have to just keep being ethical.
|
|
|
What is the Doctrine of the mean?
|
Doing a virtuous act that is that is relative to the individual. Not a strong argument
|
|
|
What is happiness according to Aristotle?
|
Acting in accordance to Human Nature.
|
|
|
What is utility according to Bentham?
|
Is a measure of Happiness over pain. More happiness means a better ethical decision
|
|
|
What is an altruistic example of Bentham's Utilitarianism?
|
Sometimes it may be necessary to sacrifice some of your own happiness so that other won't have to endure pain.
|
|
|
In Kant's view what is something that is morally praise worthy?
|
When something that is done out of good will?
|
|
|
What is the categorical imperative (first form)
|
Act upon a maxim you make, which will become a universal law
State the act completed State the end contemplated by the act Universalize the act so that it is applicable to all |
|
|
What kind of theory is Bentham's utilitarianism? Good or Right?
|
The Good
|
|
|
What kind of theory is Kant's ethics?
|
The Right
|
|
|
What is good according to Bentham?
|
Happiness, or the avoidance of pain.
|
|
|
What is happiness according to Aristotle?
|
When we act in accordance to human nature.
|
|
|
What is the utility principle?
|
When the aggregate good is maximized for those affected by an act.
|
|
|
How can utilitarianism be altruistic?
|
Sometimes you might have to give up some of your own happiness to increase the aggregate happiness of others.
|
|
|
What is the criteria when considering the utility of an act?
|
Amount of pain and pleasure produced
Number of persons experiencing pleasure or pain Probability of realizing pleasure or pain The opportunity for future opportunities for other acts of pleasure of pain (fecundity) How long will it take to realize the pleasure or pain? Purity of the act. The intensity |
|
|
What is the definition of knowledge?
|
Justified true belief
|
|
|
What is Epistemic normativity?
|
A belief system that is apt to yield the truth.
|
|
|
What is scepticism?
|
Regress of justification
|
|
|
What does Descartes foundationalism rely on?
|
A priori knowledge that arises from pure thought.
|
|
|
What kind of rationalist is Descartes?
|
He is an extreme rationalist because he denies all empirical knowledge.
|
|
|
What is one thing that Descartes determined through his meditations?
|
He realized that at the very least of things that we are thinking things.
|
|
|
What is internalist justification?
|
In order to be justified the agent must have reasons internal to themselves that justify that belief.
|
|
|
What is the difference between a moderate rationalist and a moderate empiricist?
|
A moderate rationalist says that there is at least some synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, so they do not deny empirical knowledge.
A moderate empiricist says that most of our knowledge is made up by experience, but analytic knowledge is possible. |
|
|
What is the basis for Locke's foundationalism?
|
He creates a world where primary things interact with our minds to create stimuli, meaning that we can begin to form our beliefs.
|
|
|
What is synthetic a priori knowledge?
|
1. The proposition is understood.
2. Once it is understood, the proposition has to be true. |
|
|
What are Rachels objections to Cultural Ethical Relativism?
|
There are nasty implication of CER, like you are not able to criticize other peoples ethics, not being able to improve on your own, and that there is ethical agreement among all ethical boundaries, it is just sometimes the context that is important.
|
|
|
What kind of theory is Aristotle's ethics?
|
A theory of the good.
|
|
|
What does Aristotle focus on in his theory?
|
He focuses mainly on the character of somebody, so the overall quality of somebody if they are good or not.
|
|
|
How are ethics learnt according to Aristotle?
|
They are learnt by doing, you have to continually learn how to be a good person, not by hearing some rules repeated to you.
|
