Philosophy Final

Front 1

Proposition

Back 1

Whatever is expressed by a declarative sentence. Truth value (T/F). Building blocks of arguments

Front 2

Argument

Back 2

A group of propositions, one of which (conclusion) is supposed to be supported by the others (premises & intermediate steps) which are presented as evidence for the conclusion.

Front 3

Valid Argument

Back 3

An argument is valid IFF the following situation is impossible:
All the premises are T and yet, at the same time, the conclusion is F.

An argument is valid IFF the following statement is true:
If all the premises are T, then the conclusion has to be T

Front 4

Sound Argument

Back 4

IFF: Valid and all premises are T

Front 5

Good Deductive Argument

Back 5

Valid, has all true premises and doesn't beg the question

Front 6

Begging the Questions

Back 6

An argument "begs the ques" if at least one of its premises has the following feature:
you wouldn't accept the premise unless you already accepted the conclusion.

Front 7

Modus ponens

Back 7

A -> B
A
∴B

Front 8

Modus Tollens

Back 8

A -> B
~B
∴~A

Front 9

Disjunctive Syllogism

Back 9

A v B AvB
~A ~B
∴B ∴A

Front 10

Hypothetical Syllogism

Back 10

A ->B
B->C
∴A->C

Front 11

Reductio ad absurdum

Back 11

To prove ~p
Assume p
Reason to q
But we know ~q
∴ ~p

Front 12

Denying the antecedent

Back 12

fallacy:
A -> B
~A
∴~B

Front 13

Affirming consequent

Back 13

fallacy:
A-> B
B
∴A

Front 14

And
Or
Not
If/Then

Back 14

^
v
~
->

Front 15

Non-atomic proposition

Back 15

A proposition that can be broken down into:
1. at least one logical operator
2. at least one different proposition