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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the moral similarities in organ stuck and mob
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If one innocent person is killed, then several people will die
Never act directly against a human good |
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What is hope and why it is important
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Doing what is right is worth doing even if the results are not good.
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what are the three ways that some people say that religion hinders ethics
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1. distracts from here and now, neglect their responsibilities in and around the world around us
2. destroys human evil 3. if God is all knowing then there should be no evil |
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what do you do if there is a conflict between telling the truth and keeping a secret?
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Use good Judgement, look at the greater duty, there should be some deciding factor, also depends on the circumstance
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What are the two kinds of secret
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Natural secret - privet, might harm others or yourself
Secrets of promise - confidential, friend asking u to keep it a secret |
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What is mental reservation and how does it relate to lying
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It is a form of deception, but not an outright lie.
BROAD - too vague, u do not answer the question STRICT - lie to hide the truth |
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What are the arguments against lying?
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1. Frustration of natural speaking
2. Violation of social nature of the human being 3. Violation of the human dignity of himself/herself |
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What is a lie?
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Something other than the moral truth. 4. statements to say something is a lie
1. Falsity of the statement 2. Will to say the falsity 3. Intension to deceive 4. Told someone a lie who had the right to know the truth |
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ways to resolve conflict between rights and duties
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Which is the greater duty or greater right, based on some criteria where the greater responsibility is present
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What are the four components of the right
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Who has the right
who has to respect the right what do you have a right to why does the right exist |
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What are the two rules of the conscience
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1. always obey the certain conscience
2. Never follow a doubtful conscience |
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What are the various kinds of conscience
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Antecedent / consequent
Certain/ doubtful Correct/erroneous |
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What natural law consideration could cause society not to use the death penalty
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8th mode : Do not act directly against a human good
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What are the three functions of punishment
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1. re-establish justice
2. correct the offender 3. deter others from taking the same action |
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What are the four conditions of just war
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Proper authority
Right cause Right intent Right means |
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When is personal self defense justifiable
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1. the motive is self defense alone
2. Force can be used only at the time of attack 3. Force can be used if only if there is no other way of rebelling the attack 4. Only necessary injury must be inflicted |
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Explain the principles of the double effect
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It is morally permissable to perform an act that has both good and bad effects if all the following conditions are met
1. ACT - the act itself must be good or indifferent 2. EFFECT - good effect cannot be obtained from the bad effect 3. INTENTION - The intention must by the achieving of only the good effect, with the bad effect being the only unintended side effect PROPORTION: The good effect must be at least equivalent in importance to the bad effect |
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What are the 5 precepts of natural law
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1. do good - avoid evil
2. preserve your life 3. Preserve the species 4. Live in a community 5 Use your intellect to know the truth and use your will to choose the good |
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What is the definition of law
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An ordinance of reason for the common good promogated by one who cares for the community
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What are the three areas where there is need for conscience formation
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1. The norms which distinguish right and wrong
2. Practical possibilities actually present in a given situation 3 Relationship between right and wrong |
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How do we go about resolving a conflict of duties
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By choosing the greater good
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What are two ways that common good is superior to goods of the individual
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1. The good should be respected and realized by the community than ones own little share of it
2. the fulfillment of the group by cooperative actions takes priority over unfair individual action |
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What are two different senses of authority
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1. capacity to make judgements
2. authority of law |
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How are duties and rights correlative according to the text
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you have a right to which I have a duty to allow you
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How do duties arise
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relationships among and between people
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what happens to human persons if there is no ethical absolutes
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the become simply items or commodities with relative value, rather than being the norm and source from which other things receive their value
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What does the text say happens if there are no absolute responsibilities
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There are no inalienable right
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what are the two incompatible conditions presented by proportionalists
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1. morally significant choice be made
2. the option offering the greater quantity of good be known |
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What happens when we have the real choice to make
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Whenever we have a real choice to make, it is because we are confronted with various possibilities, each embodying diverse mix of human goods
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What would need to be the case if consequentialism were to work
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The choices between the possibilities which differed from one another only it quantity of good they promised.
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What are the two ways that instances of human good are incommensurable
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1. cannot measure the different catogories of human good against one another
2. it is no less important to measure different instances of the human good against one another |
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What does the text say is the basis of a right moral attitude
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Openness to human good
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What is the ethical question according to the text
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what would we do if our love were perfect
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What do utilitatarians equate with value
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Equate value with wand and disvalue what they don't want
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What level of human action is primarily involved if on is a utilitarian
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the second level of action when one acts to achieve the limited concrete goal
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What is the focal point of action of utilitarianism
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The greatest good for the greatest number, ends justifies the means
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According to situation ethics, what is the relationship between morality and the situation
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Individuals create moral situations for themselves on the basis of their prior choices an understanding of the facts.,morality of situation is given by the situation itself
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What happens to a person when he or she chooses exclusivistically ?
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A person moves from being a person to having something one happens to want
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What is integral human fulfillment
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The ideal community is the integral human fulfillment. The fulfillment in respect to the whole range of human goods. it is not individualisitc, it is the flourishing of all persons and communities
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What is the first principle of morality
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Ones will to live with human fulfillment
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What is the name the text gives to moral choices
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Incluvistic
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What is the name the text gives to immoral choices
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Excluvistic
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If one makes choices that is just in accord with one's feelings what happens to reason
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Reason cannot play a proper role
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What are the two limitations on the power of our actions to realize human goods
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1. contribute to our own fulfillment (un avoidable)
2. contribute to the fulfillment of others (avoidable) choices we can control and cannot control |
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Can some actions never be morally right to chose
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yes.. raping, torture a child
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What is one aspect of a bad choice that is bad
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The way in which the choice is made is the aspect about bad choice that is bad. not being completely reasonable
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What guides human choices
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BAsic human good
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What principle unites the reflexive group of human good
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Principle of harmony and principle of tension
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Why is it not possible to completely comprehend human good
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Because we never in our lives exhaust the fullness of what it means to be human
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How do the eight catogories of human gods and purposes create the moral problem
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Incommenciable, irreducible, cannot be exhausted
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What are the three criteria we use to determine our individual guilt or innocence in performing an action
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1. serious action
2. full knowledge 3. complete consent |
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What are the three criteria we use to determine between rightness and wrongness
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1. ACT
2. MOTIVE/Intention 3. Circumstances including the consequences |
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How is fulfillment both relative and absolute
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Absolute - same for everybody
Relative - Each person has to attempt to find his fulfillment his own way |
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What are the two ways that we use the term decide
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Judgement (true or false)
Choice (neither true nor false) |
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How can things be properly viewed as both relative and absolute
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if you look in itself it is absolute
if you look at it towards something else it is relative |
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What is the difference between social facts and moral norm
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social fact - what actually is required in various societies as a matter of custom and convenience
Moral norm - which delineate what ought to be done on principle, not merely for the sake of conformity |
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What is convention and where does it originate
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it is man made and originates from customs and laws
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What is individualistic subjectivism
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Individuals spin their own moral norms out of their own interiors and that ultimately is the only criterion for judging behavior by one's own or someone else's is consistency
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What is cultural relativism
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it is a view that all beliefs, customs and ethics are relative to the individual in his own social context.
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What is relativism
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Philosophical position that all points of view are equally valid and that nothing is intrinsically bad
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What does it mean to say that it is more important that the good be realized than that I realize it myself
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individuals must be able to sacrifice own experience for the human good. Respect for the goods to which other community members are committed alone with oneself leads to appreciation .
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What is a good community
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Good community implies proper commitment to good purposes expressed in suitable behavior
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what are the two aspects of self-determination within the frame work of a commitment
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1. our commitment to the purpose which transcends us
2. The creative working out of the implications of the initial commitment in the circumstances of life which we encounter. |
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If freedom of self determination is removed what happens to morality
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There is no morality when there is no choice
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What are the two things that the text says that fulfillment is not
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1. experience of intense pleasure
2. Experience of seeking future objective, or goal and achieving it |
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What are the three main types of freedom mentioned in the text
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physical freedom
freedom to do as you please freedom of self determination |
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What are the two main roots of ethical tradition according to the text
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Judeo christian tradition
Greek roman philosophical tradition |
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how is order achieved in society according to hobbes
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order has to be imposed or voluntary social contract to a law making authority
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what is the relationship between law and justice according to hobbes
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where there is no law, there is no justice
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Explain why elshatain say we are reluctant to judge
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Being judgmental in today's society is considered insensitive and punitive, it is currently is looked at as an antiquated way of thinking
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Explain what elshtain says regarding Tocqueville's comment on democratic despotism
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Elshtain refers to Tocqueville’s “What Sort of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear” where Tocqueville sees people withdrawing into themselves and being glutinous, over time losing the ability to think, feel, and act for themselves. Too much free choice lends itself to no choice at all and intellectual laziness. we loose the faculty of judgement. judging is central to our self identity and our sociality. it helps usto disentangle, analyze separate discern and in so doing puts us smack dab in a world of others- not apart, not above, not below but among.
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What does Kant mean by duty
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good will
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Why does kant say that the moral law is universal and necessary
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universal - it applies to every body
Necessary - has to do what it is, not dependent not contingent |
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How does kant compare actions done in accordance with duty and/or for the sake of duty
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Sake of duty - has moral worth
In accordance with duty - has no moral worth |
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Where does Kant say we should not seek the basis for obligation
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Consequences of actions
Human nature |
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What is the main formulation of the categorical imperative
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Fairness and universalizability. There must be consistent law for everyone, not one law for me and one law for everyone else
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How does mill define utilitarianism
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actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness
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how does mill define happiness and un happiness
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Happiness is pleasure in the absence of pain, unhappiness is pain
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Three types of Euthanasia
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Voluntary - consent of the patient
involuntary - against the will of the patient Non voluntary - when patient does not have the understanding of life and death |
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How doses singer relate euthansia abortion and infanticide
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They all involve killing of a human being not a person - all are non voluntary euthanasia
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According to Singer what is a person
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person is Rational, Autonomy and self conscious
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What does singer mean by prior existence
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what kind life does the individual likely to have, because of the prior existence. what kind of life he had prior to the accident or
is this persons life worth living will more pleasure than pain will be produced - quantifying many possibilities that you have. The infant can be expected to have a life that is worth living, even if not quite as good as that of a normal baby. His life can be expected to contain a positive balance of happiness over misery. to kill him would deprive him of this positive balance of happiness. So it is wrong to euthanize an infant with hemophilia. this is prior existence |
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What does singer mean by the total view of Utilitarianism?
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looking at this person life in the point of everybody who is involved with the child, parents, co workers, teachers.
On the total view it makes it necessary to ask whether the death of the hemophiliac infant would lead to the creation of another being who would otherwise have existed, and have a better life than one killed. |
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Hoe does singer describes the moral significance of Birth?
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Life only begins in the morally significant sense when there is awareness of one’s existence over time. The metaphor of life as a journey also provides a reason for holding that in infancy, life’s voyage has scarcely begun. birth does not mark significant moral dividing line.
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When does a human being have a right to live according to singer?
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When they are self aware, self conscious - they become person and then the have a right to life. birth does not mark significant moral dividing line.
A right to life to a being apply only if there is some awareness of oneself as a being existing over time, or as a continuing mental self. |
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What does singer man by biologically and biographically alive?
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biologically alive : - (baby in the womb, new born infant, comatose) not self conscious, not rational or not autonomous.- vegetative state, they have no sense of themselves. no sense of their biography. if you are only biologically alive, then your life can be ended.
biographically alive : - self conscious, rational, and autonomous |
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On what four principles does singer justify voluntary euthanasia?
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Fear - genuine consent, no fear or insecurity- everyone fears death- alleviate that by giving the means to kill less fearfully
Preference - desire to die Rights - right to life or right to the decision to die Respect Autonomous decisions - if rational agents should autonomously choose to die, then respect for autonomy will lead to assist them to do as they choose. |
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How does singer deal with the objection that some people will be unnecessarily euthanized?
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Against a very small number of unnecessary deaths that might occur if euthanasia is legalized we must place the very large amount of pain and distress that will be suffered if euthanasia is not legalized, by patients who really are terminally ill. Long life is not such a supreme good that it outweighs all other considerations. Probability is the guide of life and death too.
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singer on the principle of double effect
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Saving life takes precedence over relieving pain. Though we can fore see our action will result in death is is still an unwanted side effect. so we must take responsibility for the foreseen effect
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What is the goal of every inquiry according to Aristotle?
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Every craft and every line of inquiry and like wise every action and decision seems to seek some good.
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what are the three kinds of good?
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Intrinsic good - feeling joy
Instrumental good - root canal Both intrinsic and instrumental - eyesight |
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why is a youth not a suitable student of ethics according to aristotle?
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Young can’t understand difference between what/how not able to look towards the end of life, only live for pleasures, not enough experience.
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How does aristotle define happiness?
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Eudaemonia - having a good spirit is an activity, not necessarily to be identified as a state.
Aristotle defines happiness as an "activity of the soul in accordance with complete excellence" "For human beings, eudaemonia is activity of the soul in accordance with arete (excellence, virtue, or what something is good for"). Eudaemonia is characterized by living well and doing well in the affairs of the world." Happiness is something that it is end in itself |
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what are the three main types of lives that people live according to aristotle?
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study/wisdom - head - practice wisdom and prudence
Political activity - chest (soldier)- courage 3. belly - gratification- temp, moderation |
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how does aristotle think that we will find the best good for a human being?
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To know the best good for the human being we must know the human beings function (reason/soul)
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what are the three divisions of good, according to Aristotle?
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a) external or worldly goods, (b) goods of the body, (c) goods of the soul.
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why can children not be happy according to aristotle?
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children cannot be happy either, for they are too young to engage in moral or rational activities. At most a child can be called happy if he shows promise eventually to do so.
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What are the three views of pleasure, according to Aristotle?
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No Pleasure is good - good is not the same as pleasure
Some Pleasures are good, but most are bad Even if every pleasure is good, the best good still cannot be pleasure |
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How does Aristotle describe the differences in pleasure found in various activities?
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Pleasure exists in relation to activities which differ in kind and thus there can be different kinds or degrees of pleasure. It is possible for activities to vary in goodness and desirability, and so do their accompanying pleasures. The true human pleasures, those peculiar to the human species, are those which complete the function or functions proper to man (i.e., virtuous acts). For this reason pleasures seem, too, to differ in kind. For people who are fond of playing the flute are incapable of attending to arguments if they overhear some one playing the flute, since they enjoy flute-playing more than the activity in hand; so the pleasure connected with fluteplaying destroys the activity concerned with argument.
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what is the relationship between pleasure and life according to aristotle
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Without activity there can be no pleasure, for pleasure cannot exist except as the completion of an activity. While it is impossible to feel pleasure continuously because human beings are incapable of continuous activity, pleasure, by perfecting all human activity, must be considered perfection of human life.
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How do we determine what proper pleasure is, according to Aristotle?
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Each pleasure is proper to the activity it completes. For the proper pleasure increases the activity for we judge each thing better and more exactly when our activity involves pleasure.
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Why do we need friends, according to Aristotle?
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Young - keep them from error
old - care for them/support the actions that would fail of the weakness those in their prime - to do fine actions two together - more capable of understanding and acting |
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What would happen to Justice, if all people were friends?
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If everyone in the world were friends then justice would be unnecessary.
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Describe the three types of friendship and their characteristics?
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Friendships based on mutual utility (e.g., two men are friendly because each can be useful to the other in some way). This kind of friendship tends to be short-lived and is easily dissolved when the abilities or needs of one or both parties change.
Friendships based on mutual pleasure (i.e., two people are friendly not for what either is or what either can do, but because of the pleasure which each provides the other, e.g., witty conversation). This kind of friendship is also easily dissolved and is most common in general social relationships and among the young. Friendship between good men of similar virtue or excellence who possess intrinsic rather than incidental goodness and who wish the good of each other for the other's sake and not for any lesser motive |
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What is the most common type of friendship among young people?
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Friendship of young people seems to aim at pleasure, for they live under the guidance of emotion, and pursue above all what is pleasant to themselves and what is immediately before them, but with increasing age their pleasures become different.
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52. describe the three types of good political systems and three types of deviant political systems.
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1.There are three true forms of political constitution and a corresponding number of corrupted forms. Kingship - Monarchy, the best of the true constitutions, turns into tyranny when it is perverted. Both are rule by one man, but a king is concerned with the good of his subjects while a tyrant only looks out for his own good
2.Aristocracy (rule by the best) turns into oligarchy (rule by the wealthy) when it is corrupted. The best and most honest men have power in an aristocratic state and all goods are distributed on the basis of merit. In an oligarchy a few rich men have power as a result of their wealth and nothing else. 3.Timocracy is the system where political power is based on property qualifications and is considered government in the interests of the people since all who meet the qualifications are held to be equal. It easily deteriorates into democracy (rule by the people) since both tend to be government by the majority. Democracy is the least bad of the perverted constitutions since it deviates least from its corresponding true form. |
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how does Aristotle describe virtue in general?
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Virtue in general is a state in which you engage in the activity of decision.
Virtue is a mean between the two vices. Virtue is a state that decides consisting in a mean relative to us, which is to find by reference to reason reflecting on your nature. |
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How does aristotle describe bravery or courage?
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Courage is a mean between fear and recklessness.
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How does Aristotle describe the excess and defect of courage?
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Excessive confidence is called recklessness/rash/fool hardy. Excessive fear is cowardice.
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what is temperance concerned with, according to aristotle?
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Temperance is concerned with the feeling of pleasure not pain. It is the willingness to forego pleasure for the sake of the goal. Temperance or self-control is a virtue of the irrational part of human beings.
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How does aristotle describe excess and defect of temperance?
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Excess in pleasure is known as self-indulgence or intemperance. Defect is insensibility
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