Philosophy Exam 1 Vocab

Front 1

Solipsism:

Back 1

My mind is all that exists, and all that I can be sure of

Front 2

Dualism (as a view about the human person):

Back 2

The belief that each person is of two parts; a physical being and a soul. They are separate

Front 3

Skepticism

Back 3

Unsure, you don’t know anything outside anything of your own thoughts and experiences

Front 4

Egocentric Predicament

Back 4

we can’t get out of our own mind. We simply check one opinion of ours against another

Front 5

Knowledge (three criteria):

Back 5

Belief
Truth
Justification

Front 6

Physicalism

Back 6

The belief that there is only physical matter

Front 7

Idealism:

Back 7

Everything is idea, there’s no physical things, it’s all perception. We are all part of God’s perception, and are allowed to see only what he wants us to see

Front 8

Determinism

Back 8

Everything is pre determined and will inevitably occur. The process of decision is working out the pre determined scenario in your own mind

Front 9

Hard Determinism

Back 9

We are never free, and circumstances determine everything that we do

Front 10

Soft Determinism

Back 10

Everything is determined but we are sometimes free

Front 11

Indeterminism

Back 11

The belief that we are not predetermined, we can decide our future, it’s the notion of freedom. It is the denial of determinism

Front 12

Libertarianism

Back 12

The belief that we have libertarian freedom

Front 13

Fatalism

Back 13

What happens is unavoidable. The causes of what happens are unavoidable

Front 14

Compatibilism

Back 14

The belief that we have compatibilistic freedom

Front 15

Libertarian Freedom

Back 15

An action is free if one can do otherwise

Front 16

Compatibilistic Freedom:

Back 16

Soft determinism, if you had chosen to do so, you could have done so

Front 17

Cogito ergo sum

Back 17

I think therefore I am- Rene Decartes

Front 18

Esse is percipi

Back 18

To be is to be perceived-Bishop George Berkley

Front 19

Endowment Thesis

Back 19

Something has meaning if and only if it is endowed with (given) meaning

Front 20

Logic

Back 20

Reasoning

Front 21

Argument parts:

Back 21

Premises
Conclusion

Front 22

Valid:

Back 22

“that good” logically
If all premises are true, the conclusion is true

Front 23

Sound:

Back 23

If a valid argument passes the truth test it is sound

Front 24

Criteria/questions for assessing arguments:

Back 24

Is it True?
Is it Logical?

Front 25

Deductive:

Back 25

If the premises are valid, the conclusion is true

Front 26

Inductive arguments

Back 26

Using premises to back up your argument

Front 27

Modus Ponens:

Back 27

If A then B
A
Therefore
B

Front 28

Modus Tollens

Back 28

If A then B
B is not true
Therefore
A is not true

Front 29

Affirming the consequent:

Back 29

If A then B
B is true
Therefore
A is true

Front 30

Denying the antecedent:

Back 30

If A then B
A is not true
Therefore B is not true

Front 31

Disjunctive Syllogism:

Back 31

Either A or B
B is not true
Therefore
A is true

Front 32

False Cause (post hoc):

Back 32

The conclusion is a causal claim and the reason given is a temporal claim

Front 33

Hasty Generalization

Back 33

Having too small of a sample size and making a conclusion about the population as a whole

Front 34

False Dilemma (false alternatives)

Back 34

Saying either A or B when there’s really A, B, C, and D.

Front 35

Begging the Question (circular)

Back 35

Saying the same thing, just in different ways

Front 36

Slippery Slope

Back 36

Saying A will lead to Z with no logical connections in between

Front 37

Ad Hominem

Back 37

Against the person, attacking the person, not the argument they’re making

Front 38

Straw Man

Back 38

Making up an opposing argument and tearing it down to make your argument sound better

Front 39

Appeal to the Gallery:
(majority, mob)

Back 39

Saying that because a group of people agree, that the argument is good

Front 40

Authority:

Back 40

Citing an expert that has nothing to do with the topic of the argument

Front 41

Red Herring (diversion)

Back 41

Changing the subject, bringing up unrelated matters to distract from the matter at hand

Front 42

Equivocation

Back 42

Using the same word multiple times but using it in different ways (to mean different things)

Front 43

Force

Back 43

Using threats or harm to make the other person comply

Front 44

Emotion

Back 44

Appealing to emotions or feelings to persuade