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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socrates main idea
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"The unexamined life is not worth living"
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Plato's main ideas
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The myth of the cave, universals, theory of forms, The Republic
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Aristotle's main ideas
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particulars, God as "unmoved mover"
used to help explain Christianity |
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Irenaeus
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Soul-Making Theodicy
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Augustine
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Free-will theodicy, Confessions, City of God
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Anslem
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Ontological Argument
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Aquinas
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The Five Ways (Cosmological and Teleological arguments), emphasized nature and natural theology
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Machiavelli
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The Prince
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Copernicus
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Founder of modern astronomy, showed the earth circles the sun
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Martin Luther
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95 Theses, Reformation leader
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John Calvin
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Undonditional election, compatibilistic freedom, Reformation leader
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Jacob Arminius
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believed that God offers resistible saving grace to all people
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Synod of Dort
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condemned Arminianism as heresy, banning Arminians from the Church and in some cases expelling them from the country
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Galileo Galilei
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Defended Copernicus, forced by the church to recant
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Rene Descartes
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"I think, therefore I am"
Radical Skepticism, Rationalism |
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Blaise Pascal
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Pensees, The Wager
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Benedict Spinoza
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Proponent of Pantheism, reformulated Ontological argument
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John Locke
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Empiricism, "blank slate"
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Bishop Berkely
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Idealism
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John Wesley
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founder of Methodism, Arminian Oxford don and Anglican minister
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David Hume
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Empiricism, a priori improbability of miracles
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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human beings are naturally good
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Immanuel Kant
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"ought implies can," noumenal-phenomenal divide
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William Paley
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argument from design, watchmaker analogy
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Friedrich Schleiermacher
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Father of liberal Protestant theology, Romanticism
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Georg W.F. Hegel
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Dialectic synthesis, Schaeffer's doorway to despair
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Ludwig Feurbach
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God as psychological projection
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John Stuart Mill
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Utilitarinaism
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Darwin
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Naturalistic evolution, survival of the fittest
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Soren Kierkegaard
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Fideism, blind leap of faith, the first man under Schaeffer's line of despair
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Karl Marx
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Communist Manifesto
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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The Will to Power, "God is Dead"
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Sigmund Freud
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Founder of psychoanalysis
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Bertrand Russell
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'Why I am not a Christian', prominent atheist, five minute hypothesis
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Albert Einstein
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theory of Relativity
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Rudolf Bultmann
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Demythologization
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Ludwig Wittenstein
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"language games"
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C.S. Lewis
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Influential Christian apologist, argument from desire, moral argument, Trilemma, Mere Christianity
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Jean-Paul Sartre
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French existentialist, author of No Exit
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B.F. Skinner
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Behavioristic determinism
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Francis Schaeffer
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reformed missionary to Switzerland, popular Christian apologist
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Albert Camus
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Existentialist author of The Stranger and The Plague
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Thomas Kuhn
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Paradigm shifts, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
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Anthony Flew
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prominent atheistic philosopher who now believes in God
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Jean-Francois Lyotard
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postmodern philosopher who criticized metanarratives
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Michel Foucault
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French Postmodern philosopher and historian
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Hugh Hefner
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key architect of the sexual revolution
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Jacques Derrida
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French postmodern philosopher and founder of Deconstruction
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Richard Dawkins
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Horseman of Neo-Atheism
oxford bio prof The God Delusion |
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Daniel Dennet
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Horseman of Neo-Atheism
Tufts University philosophy prof Breaking the Spell: Religion as Natural Phenomenon |
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Brian McLaren
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Leader of the Emergent Movement, among Time magazine's 25 most influential Evangelicals, propopnent of post modern Christianity
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Christopher Hitchens
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Horseman of Neo-Atheism
journalist and literary critic God is not Great: How Religion Spoils Everything |
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Sam Harris
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Horseman of Neo-Atheism
doctoral student in neuroscience Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason |
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Harold Crick
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star of Stranger than Fiction,
"I'm being followed by a woman's voice!" |
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a good deductive argument must:
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be formally valid
be informally valid contain true premises |
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a fallacy is:
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a defect in an argument that misleads the mind
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equivocation
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using a word and making it have different definitions, basically twisting words
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Amphiboly
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ambiguous language
"tom calls his dad when he is alone" |
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genetic fallacy is:
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attacking an idea on the basis of its origin
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Bulverism:
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a type of bias that is the foundation for 20th Century thinking
-assuming your opponent's thinking is tainted, but yours is not |
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false dilemma
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presuming there are fewer alternatives than there actually are
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circular reasoning
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assuming what you are trying to prove
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validity + ___=____
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validity + truth = soundness
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Common Christian Objections to Philosophy
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-Bible teaches us to resist philosophy
-Faith and reason cannot be married -the human mind is depraved |
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Epistemology
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the study of knowledge
-how do we acquire knowledge? -How can we be sure our knowledge is the same as reality? |
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Metaphysics
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the study of ultimate reality and human existence/experience
-Universe and its form -Mannishness of man |
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Axiology
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the study of quality and value
-Ethics -Aesthetics |
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Philosophy means:
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the love of wisdom
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Inductive Arguments:
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a good inductive argument provides probability rather than certainty
-weather, winners of elections, etc |
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Deductive Arguments
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the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion
-100% true, deals with cold hard facts |
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deductive arguments must contain:
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true premises and be both formally and informally valid (avoiding any fallacies or defects that mislead the mind either in terms of structure or content)
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General/Natural Revelation
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-nature
-moral laws -universal patterns |
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Special Revelation
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Old and New Testament
Incarnation Miracles |
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Greek Philosophy's three Eras
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Pre-Socratic
Socratic Hellenistic |
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a metanarrative is:
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an overarching story that a community uses to try and make sense of the nature of the world, internal and external
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pre-Socrates philosophy
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-observed the world without presence of myth or revelation
-pondered the issue of unity and diversity |
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Anaximander
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taught some form of evolution
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Anaximenes
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everything boils down to air
the air inside of living creatures is their actual soul, so all animals have souls |
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Pythagoras
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reincarnation, immortal soul
reincarnation pantheism mathematics is a part of the underlying "one-ness" of the universe |
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Heraclitus
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everything is in constant flux/change/chaos
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Parmenides
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everything is constant, and change is an illusion/misconception of relaity
time and motion don't exist |
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Democritus
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proposed that the world was made up of invisible units called atoms, which couldn't be reduced, and they were constantly moving and changing
-embraced change and constancy |
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generalization of the Pre-Socrates
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-scientifically sophisticated
very modern diverse theories focused primarily on the external world identified the basic elements |
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Socrates
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-philosophy was a way to discover truth
-marketplace philosophy -wisest man in Athens -was Plato's mentor -condemned to death for leading the youth of Athens astray |
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Plato
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-wrote dialogues, almost like a play
-Theory of Forms -The Myth of the Cave |
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Theory of Forms
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-ultimate reality is spiritual and immaterial
-our soul is immortal and longs to get back to the ultimate reality -there is a duplicate or copy in a better or more "real" reality elsewhere |
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Aristotle
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Plato's student
tutored Alexander the Great rejected Plato's Forms we can access ultimate reality in this world here and now -emphasis on our senses and how we perceive this world Empiricist/Particulars: substance, natural world, science -was used by Aquinas |
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Epicureans
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-Absence of pain
-eat drink and make merry, for tomorrow we die -its better to live a life of moderation |
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Stoics
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-calm, collected and controlled resignation
-because there is so much in life that we can't control, we might as well save our energy |
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Cynics
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societies drop outs, means to live like a dog
-ignored social conventions, did things just to shock people |
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Skeptics (Hellenistic)
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-suspend judgment about things which are not evident
-first relativists, more or less |
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source skepticism
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questioning whether the sources for our beliefs concerning the past, present and future are ever reliable
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radical skepticism:
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proposes counter intuitive thought experiments concerning the past, present and future, and asks how.
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belief-producing sources
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memory
testimony sense experience |
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lessons from skepticism
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-proves we can't offer good evidence that our most basic belief-forming mechanisms are ever reliable
-skeptics help us stay humble when it comes to truth claims. |
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Principles of belief conservation
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proving that it is more rational to believe in what you already believe instead of throwing it to the wind
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types of arguments (apologetics)
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-external arguments
-internal arguments -historical arguments -pragmatic arguments -pascal's wager |
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7 Basic Worldview Questions
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what is prime reality, the really real?
what is the nature of the world around us? what is a human being? what happens to a person after death? why is it possible to know anything at all? how do we know what is right and wrong? what is the meaning of human history? |
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Nihilism
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logical extension of Naturalism
philosophy of despair no difference between right and wrong |
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Existentialism
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affirms naturalistic assumptions, but humans are somehow different
no god, no afterlife, focus on the here and now do it yourself approach "existence precedes essence" for humans only |
