Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the Traditional Divisions of Philosophy? |
Epistemology Metaphysics Ethics Political & Social Philosophy Logic and Critical Thinking Aesthetics |
|
|
Refers to that branch of philosophy that critically evaluates the nature, methodology, limitation, and origin of human knowledge. |
Epistemology |
|
|
A division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being. |
Metaphysics |
|
|
The theoretical study of morality. .... is a code or set of principles by which people live by. |
Ethics |
|
|
The study of social values and political forms of government. Studies the nature of justice. |
Political and Social Philosophy |
|
|
Logic may be defined as the branch of philosophy that reflects upon the nature of thinking itself. Distinguishes, "What is the correct way of thinking?" Logic is perhaps the most fundamental branch of philosophy. All branches of philosophy employ thinking; whether this thinking is correct or not will depend upon whether it is in accord with the laws of logic. |
Logic and Critical Thinking |
|
|
The study of Beauty and Art |
Aesthetics |
|
|
______________ is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence. _____________ seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong. and the existence of the soul. |
Philosophy |
|
|
Philosophy is a combination of two ancient Greek words, ___________ and ___________ which mean "love of wisdom." Also means "______________" - Alvin Plantinga Analysis and critique of fundamental beliefs and concepts. |
"Philein" and "Sophia" "Hard Thinking" |
|
|
What philosophy is not? |
Not mere speculation - Offer reasons - Peer review Not dogmatic (simple facts that can be laid out) |
|
|
The Presocratic Philosophers are who? |
The origins of western philosophy A group of thinkers or "inquirers" - that assumed reason and senses (and not just gods and myths) had authority to determine the nature of the universe, its phenomena, and the place of human beings in it. Explaining the material world, sought Logos (logic) |
|
|
Explain Mythos |
Legends and Folktales - Appeal to History - Supernatural - Final Prometheus and the Origin of fire (stolen from Zeus and given to humans) Hesiod's account of rain Beginning of the Cosmos |
|
|
Explain Logos |
- Logical explanations - Rational explanations - "make this thing intelligible to me" - open to further questioning - Philosophical Account of the World |
|
|
Focus of Pre-Socratics |
Cosmology - explaining the material world How can things which appear to be different be related? The many into one. Is there anything that the objects which I observe in the world all have in common? Investigations conducted between 585 BCE and 400 BCE |
|
|
Lived in Miletus approximately 585 BCE Used observation to arrive at conclusions What do all things in the world have in common? Water |
Thales |
|
|
Study Thales' Observations |
Physical states (solid, gas, water) - Ice, water, steam Essential to life Dehydration upon death The mixing of liquids start life: A mother breaks water before birth: In death blood runs out of the body. Therefore water is basic to everything |
|
|
Who suggested that everything is Air? |
Anaximenes Suggested that all material has all 4 elements: Used to explain physical events. (Why wood floats.... Rocks roll downhill.) Earth, Air, Fire, Water |
|
|
Lived in Samos approximately 530 BCE Mystical society - Lived by strict rules Interested in mathmatics - Pythagorean theorem (In algebraic terms, a2 + b2 = c2 where c is the hypotenuse while a and bare the sides of the triangle) Studied Harmony - Length of strings on a stringed instrument |
Pythagoras - Math is Absolute He asks? Does the world have a mathematical blueprint? Thestudy of number, and number is nothing but an extension of unity. Moreover, thefour levels of the Tetraktys--1 +2 + 3 + 4 = 10--contain the basic elements of all arithmetic. |
|
|
Who said the universe was composed of an indivisible matter called atoms? |
Democritus (5th century BCE) |
|
|
To look around the world and see all thevariety of things that inhabit it; andthen to postulate that everything is made up of all one “thing” or “substance”is an extraordinary mental feat. |
The many into one. Are great thinkers of this day trying to answer this same question postulated by the early Greeks? |
|
|
Others considered the universe as a single process. |
Parmenides - chooses nothing is changing Heraclitus - chooses fire always changes things, everything is changing. Is the world stagnate? Or is it ever changing? |
|
|
Heraclitus asks: Is there anything that isn't changing? |
Believes that change is basic to everything Of the four, fire is most basic. Fire is always changing. Will anything in the physical world will be the same 5000 years from now? |
|
|
Sophists |
Fifth-centuryAthens was a politically troubled city-state: it underwent a sequence ofexternal attacks and internal rebellions that no social entity could envy.During several decades, however, the Athenians maintained a nominallydemocratic government in which (at least some) citizens had the opportunity toparticipate directly in important social decisions. |
|
|
More about Sophists to know |
Taught the art of public speaking Was wise because he realized he didn't know everything. Truth is relative |
|
|
The Father of Western Philosophy |
Socrates Athens; Said the truth was in everyone |
|
|
"The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living." |
Famous Quote by Socrates -Believed in genuine knowledge -Searched for human ideas -He was charged with being an Atheist, and corrupting the minds of youth. Think for yourself |
|
|
Myth of the Cave Reading Questions: Where do the forms reside? |
Forms reside in the sunlight; which makes things visible and keeps them alive. |
|
|
What would be reality for the men in the cave? |
Trapped in the shadows |
|
|
Who could the puppeteers represent? |
Government, society as a whole |
|
|
Definition of apology as it was used in Greece. |
Apology - In defense of |
|
|
Tharasymachus' definition of Justice |
Justice is in the interest of the stronger Party What if a law is made that goes against that interest? |
