Philosophy 202 Exam 1

Front 1

What is Natural Law

Back 1

The belief that everyone is born with a certain sense of right and wrong.

Front 2

Eternal Law

Back 2

Combination of Natural and Divine Law

Front 3

Intellectualism

Back 3

Right and Wrong are Governed by reason (you can act wrongly if you don't know what is right)

Front 4

Voluntarism

Back 4

God can do anything he wants

Front 5

1517

Back 5

Protestant Reformation w/ Luther

Front 6

1651

Back 6

Hobbes' Leviathon

Front 7

1588-1697

Back 7

Hobbes's lifespan

Front 8

Hobbes Two Fundamental Laws of Nature

Back 8

1) Seek Peace, but prepare for war
2) Give up those things you want others to give up

Front 9

Descartes's lifespan

Back 9

1596-1650

Front 10

1641

Back 10

Descartes's meditations

Front 11

Descartes's First Stage of Doubt

Back 11

1) Mistrust of belief based on senses: beliefs based on senses, senses have deceived, reasonable to mistrust something that has deceived you, all perceptions could be false

Front 12

Descartes's Second Stage of Doubt

Back 12

Any experience could be a dream: no internal disctinction between dream and real, dreams are false, being awake could be false

Front 13

Descartes's Third Stage of Doubt

Back 13

Evil Genius/Radical Skepticism: there could be an all-powerful being, they could be an evil genius, all my former beliefs could be mistaken.

Front 14

Cogito

Back 14

I think, therefore, I am (Descartes's first truth)

Front 15

Descartes's Argument for God's existence

Back 15

2) I cannot be mistaken about the ideas that I have.

3) There can never be more objective reality in the effect (i.e., the idea) than there is formal reality in the cause (i.e., object of the idea).

4) I have an idea of perfection or infinite substance.

5) My idea of perfection is the most objectively real idea that I have.

6) The only possible formal cause of that idea is infinite substance

Front 16

Descartes Argument for Reality for the External World

Back 16

I have a "strong inclination" to believe in the reality of external material things due to my senses.
God must have created me with this nature.
If independent material things do not exist, God is a deceiver.
But God is not a deceiver.
So material things exist and contain the properties essential to them.

Front 17

Res Cogitans and Res Extensa difference

Back 17

Mind has no primary or secondary qualities

Front 18

Descartes Argument from Doubt

Back 18

I can doubt that my body exists.
2. I cannot doubt that my mind exists.

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\3. Therefore, my mind is distinct from my body. [from 1 and 2]
OBJECTION: Masked Man Fallacy

Front 19

Descartes Argument from Divisibility

Back 19

1) Body can be divided physically
2) Mind cannot be divided physically
3) Not two things with different properties can be the same

Front 20

1632-1704

Back 20

Locke's lifespan

Front 21

Types of Simple Ideas

Back 21

1) one sense (color)
2) multiple senses (motion, texture)
3) reflection (thinking, willing, memory)
4) sense and reflection (pleasure, pain, existence)

Front 22

complex ideas

Back 22

1) modes: simple and complex (characteristics)
2) substance (people, animals, elements, objects)

Front 23

Locke's Argument for God's Existence

Back 23

1) We exist
2) Nothing comes from nothing
3) Whoever created us must be all-powerful
4) Couldn't have created knowledge from nothing
5) Therefore, God exists

Front 24

Primary Qualities

Back 24

Patterns in existing objects that are external to (independent from) us

Front 25

Secondary Qualities

Back 25

Do not resemble anything in the objects themselves (i.e.: pain)

Front 26

Locke's Types of Knowledge

Back 26

1) Identity and difference (color)
2) Relation (morality and math)
3) Co-existence (qualities go along)
4) Real existence

Front 27

Locke's Degrees of Knowledge

Back 27

1) Intuitive: most secure, can't be doubted
2)Sensitive: knowledge we acquire through sensing
3) Demonstrative: we don't immediately know it, but it can be proved correct

Front 28

Locke's True and False Ideas

Back 28

Mixed modes most likely to be incorrect
Truth and falseness is to propositions, not ideas
when we refer our ideas of substances to real existences, or to real essences, they will be false

Front 29

Leibniz's Types of Monads

Back 29

Bare monads, animal souls (subconscious), rational souls (conscious, memory)

Front 30

Two Principles of Reasoning

Back 30

1) Contradiction
2) Sufficient Reasoning

Front 31

Leibniz Complete Concept

Back 31

Everything that has been, is, or will be true of a subtance, deriving from its form.

Front 32

Leibniz idea of perception

Back 32

A perception is an internal state of a simple substance and not to be found in the composite or the machine.

Front 33

Berkeley's Proof for existence of God

Back 33

1) ideas of sense have a cause
2) they don't depend on will so they must spring from some other cause
3) don't depend on material objects, since matter does not exist
4) so they must be caused by some other mind, since only minds can be causes
5) the mind must be all-powerful because of the details of our ideas
6)this mind must be good because of the predictability of our ideas

Front 34

Berkeley's basic argument

Back 34

no thought can exist without the mind
nothing can exist unless it can be perceived