Philosophy

Front 1

Logic

Back 1

art of reasoning well

Front 2

proposition/claim

Back 2

something that must be either true or false, but can be neither true and false.

Front 3

argument

Back 3

set of two or more claims one of which (the conclusion) is taken to be supported by the remaining claims, which are premises. NEVER TRUE/FALSE

Front 4

consistent

Back 4

when two claims/propositions can both be true together

Front 5

inconsistent

Back 5

when two claims/ propositions cannot both be true together

Front 6

possible world

Back 6

technical concept designating a complete way things might be.

Front 7

actual world

Back 7

(our world) set of all actually true propositions. designates the way things are, have been, or will be. is also a POSSIBLE world

Front 8

valid argument

Back 8

when it is impossible for the premises to be true while the conclusion is false

Front 9

invalid

Back 9

WTF- true premises and false conclusions

Front 10

counterexample to an argument

Back 10

consistent situation where the situation shows how it is possible for ALL of the premises of the argument to be true while the conclusion is false.
a WTF= counterexample

Front 11

counterexample to a claim/proposition

Back 11

actual situation indicating how the claim/proposition is in fact false.

what would it take for it to be false?

Front 12

conjunction

Back 12

claim resulting from joining two other claims with the operator.
only true when both conjuncts are true

Front 13

disjunction

Back 13

claim resulting in joining two other claims with the operator. true when and only when at least one disjunction is true.

Front 14

What is this an example of:

Ted is happy. Henry is happy.
Ted and Henry are happy.

Back 14

conjunction

Front 15

What is this an example of:

Ted or Henry is happy.

Back 15

disjunction

Front 16

conditional

Back 16

is an if-then claim/proposition.

Front 17

antecedent

Back 17

if-clause

Front 18

consequent

Back 18

then-clause

Front 19

What is this an example of:


If Ted is happy, then Henry is happy.

Back 19

conditional

Front 20

contradictory

Back 20

when one claim/proposition is in denial of another

Front 21

What is this an example of:

Ted is on Mars. It is not the case that Ted is on Mars.

Back 21

contradictory

Front 22

equivalent

Back 22

two claims/propostions are equivalent when the truth of either one guarantees the other one.

Front 23

sound argument

Back 23

the argument is valid AND all premises are true

Front 24

cogent

Back 24

when an argument is OBVIOUSLY sound

Front 25

deductive argument

Back 25

argument in which the premises are intended to provide absolute support for the conclusion

Front 26

inductive argument

Back 26

argument in which the premises are intended to provide some degree of support for the conclusoin

Front 27

material conditional

Back 27

conditional claim that is false when and only when the antecedent is true (in the actual world) and consequent is false (in the actual world)

Front 28

strict conditional

Back 28

conditional claim that is true precisely when it is impossible for the antecedent to be true while the consequent to be false

Front 29

What is this an example of:

If Ted thinks, then someone thinks.

Back 29

strict conditional

Front 30

counterfactual conditional

Back 30

claim that is nearly always expressed by sentences in the subjunctive mood. True if and only if in the most similar world where the antecedent is true, the consequent is true in that nearby world as well