Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Natural Philosophers, what did they study?
|
where the universe came from
|
|
|
|
Thales
|
Natural Philosopher
|
-first natural philosopher
-empiricist -all things comes from water and are full of Gods |
|
|
Parmenides
|
Natural Philosopher
|
-rationalist
-everything is in a permanent state -change is an illusion created by our unworthy senses |
|
|
Heraclitus
|
Natural Philosopher
|
-empiricist
-change was constant in our universe -we rely on our senses -You cannot step in the same river twice -opposites help us perceive change -1 united force: logos or God |
|
|
Democritus
|
Natural Philosopher
|
-rationalist
-atoms: tiny indivisible particles that join and rejoin at "hooks" -"soul atoms" dissipated when you died, no one had an immortal soul |
|
|
Socrates
|
Classic Philosopher
|
-rationalist
-Socratic discussion: asking other questions as if he knew nothing so opponents would recognize the weaknesses of their arguments -wisdom from within -"One thing only I know and that is I know nothing" -faith in human reason, not society -executed because of his philosophical ideas |
|
|
Plato
|
Classic Philosopher
|
-rationalist
-dualism: realm of ideas (permanent, perfect version of everything, cannot be perceived by senses) and realm of material (natural world, ever-changing, imperfect version of ideals, physical materials of life perceived by senses) -man can perceive ideas through immortal soul and reason -Myth of the Cave: truth has many levels of understanding |
|
|
Aristotle
|
Classic Philosopher
|
-empiricist
-men>women -reality is reason: our reason is empty unless we have sensed something -unlike Plato, he was into sensing things and writing less poetically and more dry -form (eternal concept formed after sensation, animal's characteristics, ceases to exist after death) and substance (unique to the individual and always remains) -all nature has a purpose: 4 causes: material (something is there), efficient (something happens), formal (the form), and final (purpose) -3 forms of happiness: life of pleasure and enjoyment, life as a free and responsible citizen, and life as a thinker and philosopher -logic: like 20 questions, categorizing everything -Golden Mean: perfect balance in life necessary to achieve happiness -three good forms of constitution: monarchy (one head of state), aristocracy (small group of leaders), and polity (democracy) |
|
|
Hellenism
|
-Greek-dominated period + culture of kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt
-syncretism: fusion of creeds |
|
|
|
Cynics
|
Hellenism
|
-true happiness is not found in material luxury, good health, or political power
-"What a lot of things we don't need" |
|
|
Stoics
|
Hellenism
|
-founded by Zero
-everyone is part of the same common sense (logos) and each person was a microcosm of the world -like Socrates, natural law governs all of mankind; monism (only 1 nature) -like Cynics: accept the happy events of life unperturbed |
|
|
Epicurus
|
Hellenism
|
-attain highest sensory pleasure
-note the side effects/long term v. short term -atom theory of Democritus |
|
|
Plotinus
|
Hellenism
|
-2 poles: "The One" ("God," the divine light, the soul) AND the absence of light
-mystical experience: fusion of soul with God, rare moments of totality of the One |
|
|
Mystics
|
Hellenism
|
-Western: Judaism, Christianity, Islam: meeting with a personal god
-Eastern: Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese religion: total fusion with God or "cosmic spirit" |
|
|
The Renaissance
|
-humanism: each man is unique and should develop himself as thoroughly as possible
-materialism: material objects, observed by the senses, could yield universal truths -empiricism: investigation of the world should be rooted in observation, experience, and experimentation -nature is a positive thing and God is in nature. man can know god by knowing nature |
-Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, claimed the earth moved around the sun
-Kepler: planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun -Galileo Galilei: father of modern astronomy, formulated first law of inertia, "Measure what can be measured, and make measurable what cannot be measured:" -Martin Luther: reformation, translated Bible to German, separated from church (you should be your own priest but turn to the "scripture") Newton: Law of Universal Gravitation |
|
|
Descartes
|
The Enlightenment
|
-rationalist
-father of modern philosophy -certain truths can only be revealed through reason -worked from zero point -"cogito, ergo sum" I think, therefore I am. -idea of perfection: proving the existence of God -dualism: thought (mind) and extension (matter), both come from God but are independent (interaction at the pineal gland) |
|
|
Spinoza
|
The Enlightenment
|
-monism: everything is one nature, one substance
-historico-critical interpretation of the Bible -God is the inner cause for everything, everything happens through necessity -passions are preventative: we need to recognize the above argument. -sub specia aeternitatis: comprehend everything exists in an all-embracing perception = true happiness -Ethics Geometrically Explained |
|
|
Locke
|
British Empiricist
|
-tabula rasa
-simple sensations (things we can perceive) v complex ideas (formed by simple sensations) -if knowledge can't be traced back to a simple sensation, it is false knowledge -primary (objective) v. secondary (subjective) qualities -division of powers to avoid tyranny -intuitive knowledge: natural rights, God, extended reality |
|
|
Hume
|
British Empiricist
|
-The Treatise of Human Nature
-impression (immediate sensation of external reality) v idea (recollection of impressions, can be simple or complex) -complex idea - two different experiences related in one's imagination, can be false -Buddha; there is no "I" or "ego" or eternal soul -agnostic: existence of god can neither be proved nor disproved -I think therefore I am at this moment only -laws of nature: can't be sure if they will always be true. will a ball come down every time? -sentiments: help those in need because of feelings, not reason. empathy. |
|
|
Berkley
|
British Empiricist
|
-spirit as cause behind all ideas
-material reality: God is looking and thinking about everything, so everything exists always and just doesn't disappear |
|
|
The French Enlightenment
|
1. Opposition to authority (inspired by British), skepticism
2. rationalism: Locke 3. the enlightenment movement: focus on education 4. cultural optimism: humanity will progress once enlightened 5. return to nature (nature=good, man is good by nature) 6. natural religion: religion was irrational, Deism (God created the world but now only reveals himself through nature "supernaturally") 7. human rights: natural rights, surfacing of women's rights |
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rosseau
|
|
|
Kant
|
Post-Enlightenment
|
-knowledge comes through senses but is limited by time, space, and cause & effect
-das ding an sich: the thing itself, not how we perceive it -weighty issues might have two paradoxical arguments (equally likely that god exists or does not exist as we cannot directly experience him) so we practical postulates to assume something that cannot be proved -everyone has the innate ability to distinguish between right and wrong -categorical imperatives: act as if you were setting rules of society and act unselfishly |
|
|
The Romantics
|
-thought enlightenment was unrestrained ego-worship
-artist can create his own reality the way God created the world -yearning for the distant and unattainable -cosmic consciousness: viewing nature as a whole. world soul or world spirit -Universal (nature, world soul, artistic genius) v. National (history, language, culture of the people) Romanticism -literary ideals: fairy tales -favored feelings over empirical observation or rational thought |
-Schelling (wanted to unite mind and matter)
-Novalis (dreams, the path of mystery leads inwards) -Von Herder (dynamic view of history, contrasting the enlightenment) -Brothers Grimm (folk songs and fairy tales) -Hans Christian Anderson (art tales) |
|
|
Hegel
|
Enlightenment
|
-no timeless truths, truth is subjective
-truth is shaped by a thesis (accepted belief) being apposed by the antithesis. the new truth is the synthesis -history is progressive, is like a river constantly moving and being shaped, and purposeful, the world spirit is ever-changing |
|
|
Marx
|
Enlightenment
|
-material factors in society determine the way we think
-3 levels for the basis of society: conditions of production, means of production, mode of production -capitalism (conflict between capitalists and workers) v. socialism (classless, production owned by all) |
|
|
Kierkegaard
|
Enlightenment
|
-we are unique and responsible for our own existence, not just a product of history. individualism.
-only meaningful truths are those that are true for an individual -truth is experiential -like Kant, truths like god, heaven, soul are faith-based -truth must be irrational -existential angst pushes us to find new truths -3 stages: religious (faith>aesthetic pleasure), ethical stage (serious, moral choices), and aesthetic (slave to your passions) |
|
|
Freud
|
Post-Enlightenment
|
-id (pleasure principle)
-ego (regulates pleasure principle) -superego (moral expectations) -dreams communicate our unconscious (manifest (actual dream) v. latent (hidden thoughts) dreams) -conscious thought is the tip of the iceberg -oedipus complex: male child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother; jealously towards father. wants him to die. |
|
|
Jean-Paul Sartre
|
Existentialism
|
-atheist
-man is the only creature conscious of his own existence -nihilism: nothing means anything and everything is permissible, but he believed life must have a meaning absurdism: contrasting realism to show lack of meaning in life to get the audience to disagree -all meaning is as created by man: our lives influence the way we perceive things -"Man is condemned to be free" -we are responsible for everything we do -when man realizes there is no meaning to life, he feels angst (Kierkegaard) and is alienated (Hegel) |
|
|
Existentialism
|
-man's existential situation as point of departure
-uniqueness and freedom of individual against the mass society -individual responsibility, personality, existence, freedom, and choice -some truths are not accessible through reason -each person chooses his or her own course and meaning of existence |
|
