Phil Final

Front 1

Singers principle: strong version

Back 1

if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought to morally do it

Front 2

Consequentialism

Back 2

The rightness/wrongness of actions depend entirely on the value of the consequences.

Front 3

Ross's Pluralism

Back 3

1. Self-Improvement

2. Gratitude

3. Fidelity (Keeping Promises)

4. Reparation (making amends for a wrong 1 did)

5. Beneficence (Done for the benefit of others)

6. Non-malenificence (Non-injury)

7. Justice

some moral truths are self-evident meaning one has the basis on an adequate understanding of it

Front 4

Prima Facie Duty

Back 4

A duty that depends on one morally significant aspect of the situation, if the situation had no other relevant aspects, this would be your final duty

Front 5

Final Duty

Back 5

Depends on all morally significant aspects of the situation and it is what you are finally, all things considered, obligated to do

Front 6

Moral Intuitionism

Back 6

There are objective moral truths and it is possible to know some objective moral truths non-inferrentially (not on the basis of argument)

Front 7

Normative Ethical Theories

Back 7

Defend and systematize substantive moral claims about what is right or wrong

Front 8

Meta vs Normative Ethical Theories

Back 8

Intuitionism/////Ethical Pluralism/Objectivism/Relativism

Front 9

What does Ross mean by "intuition"?

Back 9

Non-inferred= no conclusion of reasoning

Front 10

Can an action have moral worth if it is done from duty and love?

Back 10

YES! As long as there is a action done from duty

Front 11

Formula of Universal Law

Back 11

Act only on that maxim through which you can will that it should become a universal law.

Front 12

Maxim

Back 12

A subjective principle of action- the underlying principle or intention behind ones action

Front 13

The Categorical Imperative Test

The First Formulation of Universal Law

Back 13

"I should never act in such a way that I can also will except that my maxim should become a universal law"

a categorical imperative

1. Identify the genuine maxim = I shall make false promises"

2. Imagine everyone has your maxim

3. Will that everyone has your maxim

​will end up being either permissible or impermissible

Front 14

Imperative

Back 14

an "oughtful" statement / a command

Front 15

Hypothetical Imperative

Back 15

Commands/rules that you ought to follow because you have some relevant desire or end that would be satisfied

"you ought to come to class"

have a desire to carry out the command or rule

Front 16

Categorical Imperative

Back 16

Commands or rules that every rational agent right to follow no matter what, even if the agent does not want to follow them

"be moral!"

Front 17

Logical Contradictions

Back 17

Occur when an unambiguous statement is true and false at once

"God exists but God does not exist"

Front 18

What are the 2 types of contradiction in Universal Law?

Back 18

1. Contradiction in thought (2.)

2. Contradiction in will (3).

Front 19

Perfect duties

Back 19

Duties that have very little leeway in how to perform them

Front 20

Imperfect duties

Back 20

Duties for which you have some choice in how to perform them

Front 21

Wolfs Rational position

Back 21

How much blame one deserves depends on how wrongly one has acted

Equal recklessness = Equal blame

Front 22

Wolf's Irrational position

Back 22

One must take more blame over a situation that had less serious consequences

Front 23

How is the C.I. Universal Law test too strong?

Back 23

Rules out maxims that shouldn't be ruled out

"I will help the poor" _ there'd be no more poor

"I will play tennis on Saturday night because no one will be there" _ everyone would be there

Front 24

How is the C.I. Universal Law test too weak?

Back 24

Some maxims that should be rules out are not

"I will kill a rival to get the job"

"Make false promises to Tanners"

Front 25

Moral Luck

Back 25

When a significant aspect of what one has done depends on factors ​beyond ones control, yet one is morally assessed for the action

Front 26

Constitute Luck

Back 26

Luck in the kind of person you are

-your temperament, capacities, inclinations, character

Front 27

Circumstantial Luck

Back 27

Luck in the kind of situations you face

Front 28

Resultant Luck

Back 28

Luck in the way ones action turn out

Front 29

Condition of Control

Back 29

One cannot be morally assessed for what is not under their control

Front 30

Consequences to Condition of Control

Back 30

1. Have to assess all people the same

2. Judgements of moral luck are irrational

3. Nothing is under our control therefore, moral judgements could not be made

Front 31

Which of Wolf's positions accepts the Condition of Control?

Back 31

Rational position

Front 32

Which of Wolf's positions accepts the rationality of judgements of moral luck?

Back 32

Irrationalist position

Front 33

How would a rationalist explain the difference in consequences?

Back 33

1. In knowledge of the recklessness

2. difference in motive to blame

Front 34

The nameless virtue

Back 34

A willingness to be accountable and take responsibility for what one does even if their not in our control

Front 35

Formula for End in Itself

Back 35

Act in such a way that you treat humanity whether in your own person or the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means

Front 36

Using as a means

Back 36

Your maxim is one in which the other could in the principle consent

Front 37

Using as a mere means

Back 37

Your maxim is one to which the other could not in principle connect

ex. coercion

deception

Front 38

1. What should I do?

2. What kind of person should I be?

Back 38

Normative ethics answer 2 by answering 1

virtue theory does this

Front 39

Virtue Theory

Back 39

An act is right if and only if it is what the virtuous person would do in those circumstances

Front 40

Who is the virtuous person?

Back 40

The one who has and ever rises the virtues

Front 41

Objections to VT

Virtue theory is trivially circular

Back 41

The virtuous person would do the right thing and vise versa

Reply: the virtuous person has character traits required for flourishing such as honest, loyal, courageous, just, wise

Front 42

Objections to VT

The concept of flourishing is to obscure

Back 42

Reply: it is no more obscure than happiness or rationality

Front 43

Objections to VT

Contains irresolvable moral conflict

e.g. being honest and loyal

Back 43

Reply: The conflict is only apparent not real because the moral agent has misunderstood the virtues and situation

Front 44

Does the virtuous person do the act because it is morally right?

OR

Is it right because a virtuous person would do it?

Back 44

VT says 2